E»y _ "'mm I 1 n,m t ■*sk ass ^ # 11* &?*#► E v '>- a Wf$ rv3 \v V • M.<V - ■ v\< '*^ (*K3 W ffli/lAi b#*' V £/l 3 </ ^ ' 1 .> J AT m / . / .w MA ~>ojy. *m N.^ =*-»«S* . Class BooED^vSn College Library h,q> ad 49th St. New York. I 5 Beside the maiti topic this book also treats of Subject No. On page i Subject No. On page ^^ **s\ ■ma. ?T- *$& 7^AN ^ ^ ~-> X ^ *? £ -— -**~' ■S» 3)''"1 W — ^s: cC~":>*J"?ai KV^>aTy^ - ■ / ' PNV^i^ • -' ->-> ^* % ? 7 % >A -* » ^— ^ ? 7 & W, -A ^> §^ --_ *m§ > •» jy i^ ^ ^ ^> -> 5. a^x 22m& p* 1% ^ s * ^„^J -> J> 2s?' ^ "^ ") J&0KS* — * ^^ *^^&Sk X ^8 -* k -=Sk jyVv "\ )«i i W/^*L, -^V -> ^. _;!, ^ 7** 2 ' ^'"^ ;■ 5 ^ - '"3 £ £■13? THE Botanical Gazette. EDITOR : JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. ASSOCIATE EDITORS : C. R. BARNES, J. C. ARTHUR. Purdue University, LaFayette, Ini>. Charles City, Iowa. Volumes VII & VIII. INDIANAPOLIS: CARLON & HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1882—1883. X6 INDEX TO VOLUMES VII AND VIII. SUBJECTS Page. Acids and Cellulose 59, 87 Additions to N. Am. Flora 5 jEsculus glabra, Notes on 245 Alaska ferns 96, 160 Albinism in Gentiana crinita 135 Ambrosia trifida 40 Anthemis Cotula, Abnormal 318 Aquilegia longissima 295, 319 Aralia racemosa 122, 123 Arizona, Botanist in 8 Arkansas, Forestry Notes 354 Arkansas, Second spring in 12 Articles in Journals, 180, 196, 216, 232, 248, 268 288, 304, 324, 344 Asteroma Pringlei, n. sp. (Peck) 55 Aster or Solidago? 238 Astragalus mollissimus 76 Australian Big Trees 138 Autumn Color of the Bartram Oak 10 "Drt r,+ OM o '31-1 Baldwin, Dr. Wmi (biogi'sketeh) 233 Ballast Plants in Boston and vicinity 188 Bartram Oak, Autumn Color 10 Beitriige zur Morphologie und Physiolo- gie der Pilze 81 Bentham's "Notes on Graminepe" 2 Bigelow, Jacob (biog. sketch) 217 Botanical Laboratory 7 Botanists and Botanizing in Minne- apolis 296 Botanist in Arizona 8 Botanizing on Comanche's Peak, Texas 47 Botrychium matriearirefolium 79 Buckeye, Notes on 260 California, Notes from 93 California Plants 33, 175, 203, 255, 283 Campanula planiflora, n. sp. (Eng.) 5 Camptosorus rhizophyllus.var. interme- dins, n. v. (Arthur) (plate) 199 Canada, Notes from 95 Cantharus Morgani, n. sp. (Peck) 43 Castor-oil wood 226 Cell-state 143 Chloranthy of Ranunculus Calfornicus.. 246 Chlorophyll, Animal and Vegetable 123 Chlorophyll corpuscles and pigment bodies 297 Chorisisin Podophyllum 259 Chrysogonum Virginianum, var. denta- tum, n. v. (Gray) 31 Classification of Plants 281 Clematis, Abnormal 319 Clematis, Revision of genus 265 Colors of Flowers 214 Compound Crystals of Begonia 10 Conierte, Female Flowers of (Eichler) 39, 104 Conifers, Notes on Western 4 Coreopis Curious growth of 72 Cratsegi, Black-fruited and a new species 127 Crataegus brachyacantha, n. sp. (Eng.)... 128 Cross-fertilization, structures which favor 195 Page. Cundurango 260 Current Literature. Allen's (Grant) "Colors of Flowers"... 214 Arthur's "Description of Iowa Uromy- ces and some Algaj supposed to be poisonous" 266 Arthur's "Flora of Floyd co., Iowa 127 Bailev's "Report on Michigan Forest Fires of 1881" 360 Belfleld's "Relations of Micro-organ- isms to Disease" 287 Bentham and Hooker's "Genera Plan- tarum" 267 Brendel's "Flora Peoriana" 343 Bryant's "Fringed Gentian" 343 Burrill's "Bacteria" 214 Chapman's "Supplement" 195 Christ's "Flore de la Suisse et ses origines" 343 Darwin's "Power possessed by leaves of placing themselves at right angles to the direction of incident light" 45 Davenport's "Supplement to Fern Cat- alogue" 287 DeBary and Woronin's "Beitrage zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze (Ustilaginese)" 81 DeCandolle's "Nouvelles Remarques sur la Nomenclature Botanique".. 304 Eichler's "Leber die weiblichen Blu- then der Coniferen" 39 Ellis' "N. Am. Fungi, Cent, 10 and 11" 266 Englemann's "Genus Isoetes" 52 Farlow's "Notes on some species in the 3d and 11th cent, Ellis' N. Am. Fungi" 302 Gradle's "Bacteria and Germ-theory of Disease" 287 Gray's "Contributions to N. Am. Bot any. Proc. Am. Acad. 17" 100 Jackson's "Flora of Worcester county, Mass" 359 James' "Revision of U. S. Clematis" 265 Lea and Berkeley's "Descriptions of new species of Fungi collected in vicinity of Cinoinati (reprinted)" 164 Lectures to Employes of the B. & O. R. R., by Martin, Bewail, Sedgwick and Brooks 266 Macoun's "Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Parti. Polypetahe" 360 Morgan's "Mycologic Flora of the Mi- ami Valley, Ohio" 231 Peck's "33d and 34th Ann. Report as State Botanist" 359 Penhallow's "Tables for the use of students and beginners in the study of Vegetable Histology" 232 Poulson's "Botanische Mikrochemie" 287 Ridgwav's "Native Trees of the Lower Wabash, in 111. and Ind." 102 7229M INDEX. Page. Current Literature. Trele&se's "Structures which favor cross - fertilization in certain plants" 195 Tuckerman's "Synopsis of N. Am. Lichens" 58 Yasev's "Crasses of the U.S." 303 Ward's "Guide to the Flora of Wash- ington and vicinity" 66 Watson's "Contribution to Am. Bot- anv, PrOC. Am. Acad. 17 & 18" ..101, 303 Wenzig's "Revision of the genus Frax- inu&" 264 Cyclamen, Anthesis of 211 Cycloderma Ohioensis Cke. & Morgan... 209 Cyperus, Schedule fur study of 210 Cyst opus 334 Darwin, Charles (notice of death) 51 Decaisne, Joseph (notice of death) 19 Decumaria barbara 99 Dentaria a subgenus of Cardamine 206 Dichogamy of Umbelliferse 70 Discharging ascospores 160, 246 Distribution of tendrils in the bud (ill.) 10 Doassansia Epilobii, n. sp. (Farlow) 2/7 Dothidea Dasylirii, n. sp. (Peck) 57 " Pringlei, n. sp. (Peck) 57 Edible plants, Notes on 316, 325, 352 Ejection of seed in Cereus Emoryi 159 Elastic stamens in Urtica 176 Eleocharis dispar., n.sp. (Hill) 3 Elliot, Stephen (biog. sketch) 249 Embryo-sac of Mimoseas 71 English plant-names 2 Entyloma Besseyi, n. sp. (Farlow) 275 Compositarum, n. sp. (Far- low) 275 " Lobeli», n. sp. (Farlow) 275 " Menispermi, n. sp. (Farlow).. 275 Epipactis Helleborine 124 Epidendrum cochleatu..m 144 Epiphegus Virginiana ...11, 154 (with plate) Equisetum vanegatum 76 Eriodietvon glutinosum, illustrating evo- lution (with plate) 1S4 Eriogonum alpinum, n. sp. (Eng.).. 6 Ferns. Album of living 117, 123 Fern Distribution in U. S 226 Fern history, A bit of 60 Ferns of Alaska 96 Perns of Iowa 73 Fertilization of Serophularia 2 Fig and Capriflg 280 Flora of Lincoln co., Miss 74, 79 Flora of Madagascar 11 Flora of N. America 129, 139 flora of Washington and vicinity 66 Florida notes 356 Forest tires 145, 176 Forestry notes from Ark 354 Fossil botany 14 Franconia, Notes from 157 Frazinus, Revision of genus 264 Freshmen, Notes of 170 Fresh water algse 224, 246 Fungi, Early 76 Fungi, New species 43, 54 Oalinsoga parviflora 283 Gentiana crinita 135, 159 Genera Plantarum 298 Githopsls .,. 40 Gleditschia triacanthos, Curious growth (illustrated) 88 Page Gonolobns Shortii 191 Grape-mildew in Europe 30, 42 Grasses, changes in nomenclature 48 Grasses, new species 32, 92 Grasses of the U. S 319 Greenland Flora 27 Hall, Elihu (notice of death) 126 Harvard, Botany at 20o Helianthns Maximiliani 339 Hendersonia Cerei, n. sp. (Peck) 55 Hepatica? of N. Am 18 Hibernaculum of Asaruni Canadense (illustrated) 152 Hibiscus Moschentos and H. roseus 244 Hieracium aurantiacum 7 Hymenochtsete multispinulosa, n. sp. (Peek) 54 Hymenula Lychnidis, n. sp. (Peck) 54 Illinois, Notes from 103 Immigrants 109 Indiana plants 187, 285 Injurious parastic plants 298 Introduced plants at Rockford, 111 68 Iowa, Flora of Floyd co 127 Iowa, Notes from 85 Isoetes, The Genus 52 James, Thos. P (notice of death) 37 Jasminum odoratissimum 64 Juncus canaliculars, n. sp. (Eng.) 6 Kentucky Fungi 156 Laboratory notes 35 Lactuca Scariola 136, 159 Laticiferous vessels, Development of... 72 Lathyrus palustris, Abnormal 112 Leaves of aquatic plants 67 Leaves placing themselves at right an- gles to direction of incident light 45 Leaves, Shapes of 227 LeConte, John Eatton (biog. sketch) 197 Letter from Dr. Torrey to A. Eaton...289, 317 Lichens, Synopsis of N. Am 58 Lignifled snake from Brazil 153 Linnsea borealis 112 Liquid exudations in Mahonia 175 List of N. Am. Hepticse 19 Lycoperdon pachydermum, n. sp.(Peck) 54 Madagascar, Flora of 11 Mallow-rust, Spread of 342 Malvastrum angustum 24, 111 Melampyrum Virginicum 356 Menyanthes trifoliatum 147 Merulius rubellus, n. sp. (Peck) 44 Michaux, Andre (biog. sketch) 181 Michigan plants, Limits of 105 Michigan, Plants of Belle Isle 202 Microscope, Two classes of workers 15 Mimulus dentatus 112 Minneapolis Meeting of A. A. A. S ...291, 296 Mississippi, Flora of Lincoln co 74, 79 Mississippi Pine Barrens 43 Missouri, Notes from 24 Mistletoe 21 Mitella diphylla 296 Moisture on Pine, Effects of 281 Morphological notes (illust.) 240 Morphology of spines 338 Movement of water in plants 260 Mt. Lafayette, N. II., Notes from 108 Muhlenbergia glomerata.var. brevifolia, n. v. (Vasey) 92 INDEX. Page. Muhlenbergia setifolia, n. sp., (Vasey)... 92 " sylvatica, var. Califor- nica, n.v. (Vasey) 93 Miiller, Hermann (Notice of death) 320 Mycologic Flora of Miami Valley, O.... 231 Necrology for '80, '81 and part of '82 51 Nectar-glands on leaves 339 North Am. Botanists 149, 165, 181, 197, 217 233 249 269. k NortlfAmfBotany, Contributions to.100, 101 North Am. Flora, Additions to 5 North Am. Hepaticee, with list 18 Ohio, Notes from 24 Origin of vernal flora 146 Ornamental trees for Mass 2 Osmunda cinnamomea, var. frondosa... 86 Parasitic plants 298 Parishella Californica 94 Parker, Chas. F. (notice of death) 321 Pastinaca sativa proterandrous 24, 26 Peridermium filamentosum, n. sp. (Peck.) 56 Perkins, Chas. E. (notice of death.) 358 Peronospora 309 " Arthuri, n. sp. (Farlow) 315 " Claytonise, n. sp. (Farlow).. 314 Illinoensis, n. sp. (Farlow).. 332 " Lophanthi, n. sp. (Farlow).. 333 " Sicyicola, n. sp. (Trelease).. 331 Peronosporese of the U. S 305, 327 Phallus togatus, n. sp. (Kalch.) (with plate) 223, 258 Pholisma arenaria, Nutt 64 Physostegia .Virginiana, Notes on Ill Phytolacca decandra 11 Phytophthora 309 Pileolaria effusa, n. sp. (Peck) 55 Plantago pusilla 175 Plants .and metallic oxides 79 Plucheas 45 Poa Bolanderi, n. sp. (Vasey) 32 " pulchella, n. sp. (Vasey) 32 Polyporus fraxinophilus, n. sp. (Peck).. 43 reniformis, n. sp. (Morgan)... 135 Popular Botany 209 Postage on botanical specimens 73, 97 Poulson's Botanische Mikrochemie 287 Proterandry in Amarvllis regina 42 Marked (illust.) 160 Proterogyny inSparganium eurycarpum 100 Protoplasmic movement, Conditions of.. 225 Puccinia Boisduvalise, n. sp. (Peck) 45 " Brandegii, n. sp. (Peck) 44 " Gayophyti, n. sp. (Peck) 56 " heterospora B. & C 356 Raflnesque, C. S. (biog. sketch,) 149, 177, 191 Ranunculus 47 Notes on (illust.) 57 Red-bud, a large 36 Reply to Emesby 8 Resinous matter in plants 78 Page Respiration in plants 84 Rhode Island, Notes from 296 Rhododendron Vaseyi, Gray 282 Rhus Toxicodendron, A large -245 Riddell, John Leonard (biog. sketch) 269 Rudbeckia, Depauperate 41 Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana 129 " Sitchensis and its affinities 25 Sarcodes sanguinea 284 Second Spring in Arkansas 12 Sections of wood for schools 337 Seeds, Latent vitality of 88, 121 Seleniaaurea 57 Siberian vegetation 16 Solanum Fendleri 208 Spines, Morphology of 338 Staining vegetable tissues 15 Stamens of Heteranthera reniformis 209 Stellaria obtusa, n. sp. (Eng.) 5 Stigma of Catalpa 191 " " Martynia, Sensitive 208 Stipa Parishii, n. sp. (Vasey) 33 Stipules in Saxifragacese 245 Strawberries, One-leaved 340 Structure and growth of cell-wall 172 Supplement to Chapman's Botany 195 Synopsis of N. Am. Lichens 58 Teichospora aridophylla, n. sp. (Peck.).. 57 Tendrils in the bud (illust.) 10 Teratological Notes (illust.) 242 Texas, Botanizing in 47 Thistledown 278 Torrey, John (biog. sketch) 165, 208 Trees of the Lower Wabash 102, 345 Trichobasis Helianthella?, n. sp. (Peck.). 45 " Wyethife, n. sp. (Peck) 45 Trifolium hybridum 121 Tubers 148 Uromyces compacta, n. sp. (Peck) 56 " Jonesii, n. sp. (Peck) 45 " versatilis n. sp. (Peck) 56 Ustilaginete of U. S., Some notes on. ..271, 318 Ustilago cylindrica, n. sp. (Peck) 55 Vegetable histology, Tables in.-. 232 Veratrum Woodii 79 Viburnum nudum 260 Vincetoxicum 245 Viola Beckwithii, var. trinervata, n. v. (Howell) 207 Virginia Creeper, Notes on, 201 Vitality of Seeds 88, 121 Vitis palmata, Vahl 254 Water-pores of Fuchsia (illust.) 210 White Pine 38 Woodsia Plummerse, n. sp. (Lemmon)... 6 Yucca elata, n. sp. (Eng.) 17 " macrocarpa 17 " Notes on 1' FXDKX. AUTH - Page. Allen, Win. S .*•*£ 966 Arthur, J. C 10, 88, 127, 199, 283, 294, 296 339. Austin, Mrs. R. M 284 Ballev, L. H., Jr 105, 109, 176, 217, 269 Bailey, W. \V 64, 108, 122, 147, 156, 159, 208 210, 259, 284, 296, 319. Barnes, Chas. R 35, 160, 210, 227, 260, 318 Bastin, E. S 294 Beal, W. J HO, 293, 294 Bebb, M. S 25, 68, 129, 191 Boltwood, II. L 24 Burgess, T. J. W 95, 135 Bush, Frank 24, 111 Calkins. W. W 144 Clavpolc, B. W 298 Cleveland, D 264 Cohn, Ferdinand 143 Coulter. John M 10, 84, 100, 101, 102, 111 123, 149, 181, 211, 226, 245, 291,294, 297 298, 299. Cratty, R. J 85 Cusiek, Wm. C 176 Davenport, Geo. E 60,96,135, 160 Davis, J. 3 339 Day. David F 124, 159 Dudley, W. R 294 Emesby 8, 27 Engelman, Geo 4, 5, 14, 17, 104, 127, 175 254, 337, 338. Fallow, W. G 30, 42, 224, 246, 258, 271 295. 305, 318, 327. Fergus, S. T 11, 154, 356 Flint. Martha B 43, 74, 79 Foerste, Aug. F 24, 40, 67, 70, 112, 136 148, 152, 202, 240, 245, 259, 296. Gannett, Henrv 114 Gerard. W. R 165 Goodale, Geo. L 39 Gray, Asa 27, 81, 40, 45, 47, 94, 112, 129 139, 153, 191, 197, 244,245, 260, 264, 282 295 :!17. Greene, Edward L 93, 203, 255 Harger, Edward B 208 Harvey, F. L 12, 57, 88, 354 Hill, E. .1 3, 87, 187, 238 Holway, E. W 160 ORS. Page Howell, Thos 207 Hubbard, R. S 159 James, Joseph F 41, 121, 122, 206, 289, 294 Jones, Marcus, E 33, 283 Kalchbrenner, C 225 Knapp, Miss M 278 Lemmon, J. G 6, 117 Lockwood, Samuel 11 Martindale, Isaac C 86 Meehan, Thos 7, 10, 21, 159, 175, 177, 191 201, 208. Mevncke, O. M 36 Morgan, A. P 79, 135, 156 Morgan, L. V 246 Morgan, R. T 72 Murtfeldt, Miss M. E 294 Peck, Chas. H 43, 54 Penhallow, D. P 293 Perkins, Chas. E 188 Porter, Thos. C 76 Prentiss, A. N 226 Rattan, Volney 175, 246 Rau, Eugene A 223 Ravenel, H.W 249 Redfield, J. H 233, 317 Reverchon, J 48 Richardson, C 295 Ridgwav, Robert 345 Rothrock, J. T 8, 184, 208 Sargent, C. S 145 Sehneck, J «... 242 Seymour, A. B 76, 103, 356 Shoemaker, Lizzie 60 Sturtevant, E. L 293, 316, 325, 340, 352 Taylor, J. E 146 Trelease, Wm 26, 71, 73, 319 Troop, J 42, 205 Underwood, L. M 18, 70 Vasey, Geo 32, 92, 319 Ward, Lester F 97, 99, 100 Werthner, Wm 260 Wood, Marv E 73 ggfBOTAJWg "*?*. 0 L U B. ^ew yo? Vol. VII, No. i. Botanical Gazette. A PAPER OF Botanical Notes TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 10 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 CONTENTS Page. Editorial l Eleocharis dispar, n. sp. E. J. Hill — 3 Notes on Western Conifers.. G. Engel- mann i Some Additions to the X. Am. Flora. G. Engelmann ........ 5 Woodsia Plumm.-ra\ ft. sp. J. G Lem- mon. . . . . . <i Another Botanical Laboratory 7 Ilieracinm aurantiacum. Thos. Mee- han. 7 A Reply to Emesby. J. T. Rothrock... 8 Page The Botanist in Arizona 8 Disposition of Tendrils in the Bud. J. C. Arthur 10 Autumn Color of the Bar tram Oak. Thos. Jleehan 10 The Compound Crystals of Begonia. JM.C .... 10 The Flora of Madagascar 11 Epiphegus Virgiuiana. S. T. Fergus.. 11 Phytolacca decandia. S. Lockwood. . .11 A Second Spring in Ark. F. L. Har- vey .' . . . 12 JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind.y M. S. COULTER, Logamport, Ind., Editors atitl I'libtinhcrs. CR A W r'OKDSVILLE, iND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS THE A MONTHLY l'APER OF BOTANICAL NOTES. ADVERTISING RATES. %Col 1 time. 6 times . 12 times $ 1 00 4 50 <; 7o v. Col $ 2 00 9 00 13 50 y2 Col ? 4 00 18 00 27 00 ICol .$ 8 00 36 00 54 00 lPage $16 00 72 00 108 00 ^"Advertisements less than % of a col- umn inserted at 20 cents per line, counting eight words a line. We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaching the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt .atten- tion. M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. VOLUME III. 'Firms. — Subscription, $1 per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, 10 cents. The paper will be invariably stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. The Gazette for 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are anx- ious to receive from all any notes that are worthy of record and any informa- tion of general interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of; plants, or botanical books and instru- I ments, the Gazette cannot be excell- I ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor with botanical friends, not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country. Sample copies will be mailed upon application. J. M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. JANUARY, 1882. No. 1. Editorial. — We make no promises for Vol. VII, except that it shall lie better than any before it. With the last volume the catalogue of Indiana plants was published in the fiirm of extras. Some material is now in hand to be published with the present volume, of even more general interest, and we feel confident that the one dollar subscription will be thought but a small return for value received. M. Crie, before the Academy of Sciences of Paris, in a paper "On some new cases of phosphorescence in plants," reported for the first time emission of light in certain of the Ascomycetes. Rev. A. B. Langlois has just published a list of the very inter- esting plants found in Plaquemines County, La. The list numbers 456, and of course the author does not claim that it is complete. Mr. J. F. James, of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, has, in the last Journal of that Society, a paper on the variability of the acorns of Quercus macrocarpa. He has sketched eight very different looking acorns as belonging to this single species. Mr. Aug. Foerste, of Dayton, Ohio, writes that Mr. Samuel Wel- ter, a farmer near Centreville, brought him a Lycoperdon %iganteumx 20 inches in diameter, with a vertical diameter of 15 inches. It weighs 17^ pounds and was just beginning to turn yellowish green. Mr. John Robinson has published a list of the dates of flowering of trees and shrubs in Eastern Massachusetts in 1880. Although the Red and White Maples showed flowers in January on account of a few warm days, the season of flowers did not begin before the first ot April. The genera of Composite changed by Bentham and Hooker areas follows: Manila becomes An/hemis, Leucanthemum becomes Chrysanthemum, Cacalia becomes Senecio, Lappa becomes Arctium, Cynthia becomes Krigia, Mulgedium becomes Lactuca, Nabalus be- comes Prenanthes. We take pleasure in calling the attention of our subscribers to the advertisement of W. N. Suksdorf. The plants he offers for sale so reasonably are very fine, as some large bundles just received abun- dantly testify. He has many new species, though he is in doubt how long species are considered new. Mr. A. H. Curtiss has just sent out Fascicle V of his invaluable Florida collections. It contains several new species and very many not in Dr Chapman's Manual. No sooner is the work off hands than this indefatiguable collector is off again to South Florida, whose flora he intends to complete with Fascicle VI. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. The full text of Sir Joseph D. Hooker's address on "Geograph- ical Distribution," before the Geographical Section of the British Association last year at York, has come to hand and proves to be what a!l expected, a complete and compact review of the subject. Much more information is given in its d >zen pages than can sometimes be gleaned from whole volumes of more pretentious style. Mr. S. B. Buckley has notes upon some Texas oiks in the Proc. Phil Acad., Part II, 1S81. His Que reus Durandii, which Dr. Engelmann regards as one of the varielies of Q. undulata, he still holds as good, though in spite of a fling at closet workers, it takes a good deal of temerity to dispute Dr. Engelmann's decisions among the oaks. In the same paper Q. Txana is reduced to a variety ot Q. rubra, but by others it is regarded as Q. pahtstris. In the Torrey Bulletin for December, Mr. William Trelease has a valuable paper on the "Fertilization of Scrophularia," and in conclusion makes the following summary: i. The flowers are adapted by their coloring, odor, nectar, form and protogyny to cross- fertilization by wasps ; 2, in case the insects fail to do their part, self-fertilization is fairly well assured, though we have known it to tail occasionally ; 3, the existence of species which are adapted to close fertilization without a previous chance for crossing remains to be proved ; 4, cleistogene flowers are produced, so far as we know, by only one species, S. arguta. Prof. John Earle, of the University of Oxford, has written a little book upon "English Plant-Names from the Tenth to the Fif- teenth Century." A single sentence will tell its general bearing. "Plant names are often of the highest antiquity and more or less com- mon to the whole stream of related nations. Could we penetrate to the original suggestive idea that called forth the name, it would bring valuable information about the first openings of the human mind towards Nature ; and the merest dream of such a discovery invests with a strange charm the words that could tell, if we could understand, so much of the forgotten infancy of the human race." Mr. John Robinson read a paper before the Mass. State Board of Agriculture upon the subject, "Ornamental Trees for Massachusetts Plantations," which has just appeared in pamphlet form. Mr. Robin- son sums up his principal points as follows: I. That, for planting in New England, our own New England trees are, with few exceptions, the best. II. That, in addition co the New England trees, we can safely make use of the many beautiful and useful trees which abound in the forests of the Middle States and the Alleghany Mountains; and that to these Eastern species may be joined a few trees of unsurpass- ed beauty in the Rocky Mountain region. III. For exotic species, with which to add variety and interest to a plantation, we must look to Eastern Asia rather than to Western Europe. Mr. Geo. Bentham, last November, read before the Linnean So- ciety a paper entitled "Notes on the Gramineoe" of which an abstact appears in the last Journal of Botany. When Mr. Bentham speaks we all listen. In this paper, the author first mentions the fact of many bad species having been established. Then is given a sketch of the BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 3 views of Linnaeus, Robert Brown, whose name seems to be synony- mous with "sagacity," Kunth, Trineus, Nees von Esenbeck, etc. The statement that Steudel's "Enumeratio Plantarum Glumacearum" is the worst production of the kind he has ever met with is very in- structive. The law of priority is sensibly set aside in certain well known genera, and Sorghum is retained rather than the earlier Blu- menbachia, Cynodon instead of Fibrichia, etc. The arrangement in tribes is as follows : — A. Panice^. B. POA« ZEM. Tribus i . Panicece. Tribus 7- Phalaridece " 2. Maydece. < i 8. Agrostidece. " 3. Oryzece. i 1 9- Isachnece. " 4 . Tristcginece. c < 10. Avenece. 5. Zoysiece. t . 1 1. Chloridece. " 6. Andropogonece. 1 i [2. Festucece. i 1 l3- Hordea. « ; 14. Bambusa. Eleocliai'is (lispar, 11. SJJ. -Culms slender, roundish, several from the same root, erect or ascending, or with some of the shorter ones recurved, very unequal in length, 1^-8 inches high, mostly 1-4 inches Roots fibrous, tufted, annual. Spikes ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, 1-3 lines long, 15 to 40 flowered; scales thickish, firm, oval, obtuse, brown with paler margins; keel green, becoming lighter col- ored with age. Stamens 2, style 2 cleft. Bristles 6-8, downwardly barbed, mostly shorter than the achenium. but variable in length. Achenium biconvex, obovate, shining, brown to nearly black, rough- ened with oblong striae, tipped with a flattened or saucer-shaped tubercle. In sand or gravel near the margins of "sloughs," August and September, Whiting, Lake Co., Ind. The plant may mature its fruit in shallow water, but during the two seasons in which it has been observed, it was found only in the dry bottom of a shallow pond. It was first detected in August, 1880. Looking for it in the early part of July ot the present year, when the bottom of the pond was covered with water, the plants had apparent- ly started, as was indicated by tufts of short stems that could not be identified with any other plants growing there. It is most like E. multiflora, Chapman, a Florida plant, but differs in several characters, particularly in the presence of bristles and fewer flowers in a head. One of the most striking peculiarities is the remarkable difference in the length of the culms, some of the heads being scarcely above the surface of the ground, or nearly sessile on the root, on stems, barely %. of an inch long, while other stems from the same root may be 8 inches high. Since the short stems bear ripe fruit, they have evi- dently attained their growth. The plant seems to germinate in the water, but to mature its fruit when the water fails. — E. J. Hill, En- gltwood, HI., Dec, r88r. 4 BOTANICAL GAZET1E. Notes 011 Western Conifers.— In another publication I in- tend to give a full account of the observations on Coniferae made in the Pacific States, when with Prof. Sargent and Dr. Parry I explor- ed their forests, but it seems proper that I should not withhold any longer the principal results arrived at. Abies amabilis, (Douglas) Forbes, is not a variety of A. grandis as I had assumed, but a very distinct species peculiar to the higher mountains of the Cascade Range from Oregon to British Columbia. It is easily recognized by its dense, dark green, glossy leaves, very white underneath, usually emarginate, but on the fertile branchlets acute; by its large very thick purple cones and oblancolate acuminate bracts. Abies nobilis, (Douglas) Lindley, is peculiar to the higher moun- tains of Oregon and has not yet been found in California nor, as far as I can learn, in Washington Territory. Its grooved leaves crowded on the branchlets, and its large purple cones with long exsert re- curved bracts, well characterize it. The tree on Mount Shasta which has gone by this name (also in the Flora of California) is dis tinguished by its quadrangular leaves, keeled on the upper side ; its large cones considerably resemble those of nobilis and have often, not always, exsert and recurved bracts; it is a form of A. magnified Murr., the common Red Fir of the Californian Sierras, which has bracts normally enclosed. Finns reflexa, n. sp., {P. Jiexilis var. reflexa, Eng. in Rothrock's Rep. Bot. Exp. Wheeler) proves to be quite distinct from flexilis, not only by the reflexed scales of the cone but also and principally by the long peduncled cylindric female aments, erect in the first, recurved in the second year, which associate it with the true Strobi, while the large wingless seeds distinguish it from the other species of that section. P. a/bieau/is, Eng., is specifically distinguished from P. jiexilis by its subglobose purple cones with short, thick scales and its thin white at last scaly bark. P. Chiliitahuana, Eng., observed by us in the Arizona Mountains, proves to be of peculiar interest as maturing its 'cones in the third year, the only American species with this character, which I have found only once more in the Mediterranean P. Pinea. P. Jeffrey i, Murr., holds its characters well wherever we have seen it trom the mountains west of Mt. Shasta, where it was first dis- covered, down to the San Bernardino Mountains, affecting more par- ticularly the eastern slopes. The glaucous branchlets with pleasantly aromatic fragrance, thinner glaucous foliage, the great size of the cones with thin, spiny recurved mucro on the scales, large seeds and more numerous cotyledons, distinguish it from P. ponderosa which has brownish-green branchlets with a turpentine odor and dark green coarser foliage. Pinus Arizonica, Eng., has also been repeatedly collected by us as well as by subsequent explorers, and the question has been agitated whether it may not be also a form of P. ponderosa. The fact is that five-Vrived forms of this species do occur on the Californian Sierras BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 5 (Lemmon) and on the Arizona Mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), but the larger number of leaves is here a casual occurrence; the branch- lets show the brown-green color noticed above, the leaves are dark green and have the structure described by me in Wheeler's Report. P. Arizonica has glaucous branchlets, thinner leaves, constantly in fives, and of different structure; its cones are thicker and shorter with much more prominent umbos, but not much weight can be put on this last character. — G. Engelmann. Some Additions to the North American Flora.— Stellaria obtusa, n. sp. — Glabrous, stems weak, prostrate, much branched, leaves subsessile triangular-ovate acute smooth edged i-nerved and the delicate reticulated veins uniting into distinct intramarginal nerves ; flowers single, pseudo-axillary, peduncles nearly as long as the leaves patulous or recurved in fruit, sepals ovate obtuse nerveless scarcely membranaceous on the margin, petals (always ?) wanting; capsule ovate obtuse scarcely exsert, seeds (under the lens) covered with oblong linear pectinate tubercles, dark brown. — Western Color- ado on the tributaries of Gunnison River, alt. 9,000 to 10,000 feet, in damp grounds, T. S. Brandegee. Closely allied to 5. crispa of the northwest but readily distinguished by the form of the sepals, the capsule and the seeds ; in that species the sepals are lanceolate, broadly margined and 3-nerved, the capsule exsert, acutish, the seeds larger, reddish and nearly smooth. 6". borealis, with which crispa has sometimes been united, has a similar calyx, capsule and seeds, but is distinguished by its elongated lance linear leaves, finely serrulate on the edge, the intramarginal nerve very indistinct. Campanula planifloka, n. sp. — Erect, glabrous, a finger to a span high from a filiform rootslock bearing similar subterranean sto- lons, usually i-fiowered ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate 1 to 2 inches long. 2-3 lines wide, the lowest ones sometimes broader, all more or less dentate or denticulate; flower erect, calyx turbinate, lobes lance-linear mostly dentate, several times longer than the tube and ex- ceeding the tube of the corolla ; corolla shallow, wide open, 4 times wider than deeo, divided to the middle or beyond ; lobes ovate acute spreading or at length reflexed ; capsule erect ovate or turbinate as long as the connivent calyx lobes or shorter, opening at top — C. Langsdorffiana of the Rocky Mountain floras, not Fischer ; C. Scheuch- zeri, Gray Flora in part. Common in Subalpine meadows, near streamlets, at an elevation of 7000 9000 feet Colorado ; Clear Creek vailey, Middle and South Parks. The large and very shallow flowers of a reddish-purple color and the filiform branching rootstocks distinguish this species at once from C uniflora with which I had united it (this journal, 6. 238). The usually erect stems become sometimes decumbent and sev- eral flowered when overgrown. C. uniflora is found only on bare al- pine slopes, usually with Dryas and Silene acaulis at about 12000 to 13000 feet alt. It grows from a stout several-headed rootstock, bears deeply campanulate mostly horizontal flowers l4 inch in length BOTAMCAL GAZETTE. and an erect fruit; the leaves are usually marked with a few small glandular semi-transparent teeth in notches. Eriogonum ALPiNUM,n.sp.— Few heads from a very stout caudex ; the whole plant (except the flowers) densely white tomentose; leaves nearly orbicular, i inch wide, attenuate at base into a petiole of the sime length ; scape (about 4 inches high) with a verticil of 3 or 4 lan- ceolate, foliaceous bracts above its middle ; umbels solitary, involu- crum broadly campanulate (3 lines wide) with 9 to 12 short, erect teeth ; flowers very numerous, attenuate at base, glabrous in and out- side,yellow, 2]/2 lines long. — On Scotts Mountain, Northern California, together with Campanula scabnlla (see page 237) on stony ridges about the timber line, G. E. The large single yellow heads look very much like those of some alpine composite ; the plant is a counterpart to the glabrous rose-flowered E. pirolcefolium, Hook., found on the opposite Mount Shasta in similar situations. Juncus canaliculatus, n. sp. — A coarse plant of the section Graminei, 3 feet or more high from a cespitose rootstock with stout terete steins and numerous concave or channeled leaves 2 or 3 of them with auricled sheaths on the stem ; heads 3 to 8-flowered on slen- der branches in a decompound rather contracted panicle ; flowers light greenish-red over 2 lines long, sepals of nearly equal length with membranaceous margins, inner acute, outer ones acuminate ; sta- mens 6, two-thirds the length of the sepals, long linear red-brown anthers longer than the filaments ; ovary attenuated into a slender style bearing very long exsert stigmas, 1 celled ; fruit and seed un- known.— San Bernardino Mountains at 4,000 feet alt S. B. and W. F. Parish. Abundantly distinguished from the allied J. marginatus, witn which it has in common the brown-red anthers, otherwise rare in the genus, by the stouter habit, the long coarse deeply channeled leaves, larger flowers, acute sepals, acuminate ovary, long style and stigmas. — G Engelmann. Woodsia Plummeree, Tl. sp.— Root stock short ; stalks 1-2 inches long stramineous, chaffy; fronds bright green, 4-8 inches long, lanceolate-elliptical, membranaceous, beset with gland tipped leaves, pinnate, or nearly bi-pinnate ; pinniB approximate except the lowest, very short peduncled, lanceolate, attenuate to an obtuse point, the lowest cuneate ovate, middle ones longer, of the same width at base, all pinnately parted ; segments long-oblong, elliptical, crenately tooth- ed with about five teeth on a side, dentate at apex, ciliate with the peculiar glandular hairs of the species ; veins forking, free, mostly alternate ; sori terminal on the veinlets nearer the margin than the midrib; spore cases pearly gray with brown rings ; spores amber col- ored round-ovate, the cell-wall deeply wrinkled ; indusium minute lacerate fimbriate, ciliate with glandular hairs This lovely fern is closely allied to forms of W. obtusa but differs from that species at several points. The fronds are bright green, al- most diamond-shaped. The pinnae are not remote except the lowest but approximate, not obtuse but long-attenuate from a broad base. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. The segments are longer, narrower and with more teeth, all conspic- uously ciliated with stalked glands, as are also the lobes of the in- dusium. On the north side of a high peak of the Chirricahua mountains, near Apache Pass and Ft. Bowie, S. E. Ariz., around moist granite recks, in shade. Plants solitary, with several fronds, all fertile. September 24, 1881, J. G. and Mrs. S. P. Lemmon. Dedicated to Mrs. Lemmon, whose maiden name is Sara A. Plummer and whose devotion to science, arduous labors and daring heroism while botanizing in the land of the Apache, entitles her to high honors and this timely recognition.— J. G. Lemmon. Another Botanical Laboratory. -One result of Dr. Roth- rock's visit to Europe last year has been the cieation of a well equip- ped botanical laboratory in Philadelphia at the University of Pennsyl- vania. Phis is, to be sure, devoted more especially to the medical as- pects of botany, and forms a prominent feature in the school which that institution has opened for the purpose of fitting young men to study medicine ; but it also aims at giving a thorough grounding in microscopic and in general systematic botany. Probably but tew college trustees are aware how general the de- sire for biological instruction has become. In evidence of this we may say that the laboratory under Prof. Rothrock was started in doubt as to whether there would be a single student to avail himselt of its advantages; vet, though it is not three months old, it has its ca- l acity taxed to the utmost and urgent demands for more room and instruments are being made. Not only do we find there the ordinary student and those who are preparing for medicine specially, but teach- ers, physicians, students of architecture and aspirants for naval medi- cal honors, each week bringing in new applicants. In a word, it bids fair to be a first-class success, and the question may now be fairly put to the authorities of other institutions, is it not time for every college that claims respectable standing to furnish such laboratories? rlieraciimi aurantiacillll.- Besides the localities already mentioned, I learn that Mr. Redfield, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, collected it also on the Catskills, in another locality besides that of Miss Mary Cope, and Mr. Chas. J. Sprague, of Bos- ton, found it in the summer of 1880 in St. Alban's, Vermont. Mr. Sprague found it covering large patches of bare hilltops where the grass was thin and scant, and in what appeared to be old fields, and '•seemed to have taken full possession." From this expression it is clearly Mr. Sprague's idea that it was not indigenous there, and this appears to be the sum of all I can gather from other collectors. It has not been found in any place where it was unlikely not to have been introduced. It is still a matter of interest as to how it was brought from the seed sowed. I do not know of its being anywhere cultivated in our country, though its beauty might claim that distinc- tion, and so doubt whether it will come under the head of an "es- cape."— Thomas Mef.han. 8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. A Heply to Elliesby. — Editor of Botanical Gazette: My genial critic Emesby, in your last issue, says '•'■Systematic Botany Nev- ertheless" with which I am absolutely in accord, and in proof whereof quote from my previously published paper on Modes of Teaching, these words: ''Systematic botany must, if it represents a strictly natural system, be founded on a nice appreciation of the entire organization, the life history of the individual and its relation in past and pres- ent time to allied plants. This, then, is the highest, all embracing trend botanical thought can assume." Surely there is in that nothing but un- qualified respect for systematic botany under whose aegis honored leaders have established a glorious record for our country. Neither, my good Emesby, have I ventured to dream, much less to suggest that a final system had been attained. I have told how thorough a ''foundation" Torrey, Gray, En<ielmann and Watson have laid, but the superstructure is another question. I can well admit that systematic botany will boil and bubble into no one knows how many changing forms before it comes to the crystalline condition with its angles clear and sharp and its points absolutely fixed. There is ample work for generations of systematists before the high ideal I have above hinted at shall have been attained, Mr. Darwin was named not to encourage any one in the idea that all could enter the harvest field and return with such a load of sheaves as he, but to show what the productiveness of the field was. Now then, oh Emesby, friend, why did I write such radical things in that somewhat pointed paper? First, to make those who rest satisfied with the mere name dissatisfied and to lead them to a lit- tle fuller study of the plant itself. Second, to protest might and main against colleges that boast of their thorough teaching outfit al- lowing a 6tudent to go away with the idea that our science had no other side than the systematic. I have in a small way started that "School of Botany," (and 1 wish the teacher were more worthy of the kind words Emesby has written of him) and in it I start with micro- scopic botany, urging that my pupils see for themselves, draw for themselves and come to their own conclusions. After some months in such mental drill, I shall introduce them to systematic botany with the hope that their eyes will be the sharper and their reasoning power the keener for the ordeal that they have passed. Thus I hope to lay a foundation for a better knowledge of many plants and to beg effic- iently for the "highest, all embracing trend botanical thought can as- sume,i. e., Systematic Bctany. Very sincerely yours, J. T. Rothroi K. Tilt' Botanist in Arizona. — This territory is fast becoming the favorite haunt of our more intrepid collectors, for its physical features, w hile most forbidding so far as comfort is concerned, favor the growth of very peculiar plants. The Lemmons, Pringle, Greene. Vasey, Jones'1 and James have all been there and nearly all have specimens of the wonderful flora for sale. But when, amidst the comforts of our herbaria, we revel in the riches their carefully prepared bundles bring BOTANICAL GAZETTE. to us, we must not forget what they have cost, for nowhere in this country is botanizing accompanied by such discomfort and actual suf- fering. Nature seems to delight in guarding her treasures well and has surrounded her choicest gifts with difficulty and danger; and as if sand and heat were not sufficient to warn off the intruding botanist in this land of the Apache, the vegetation also puts on a most forbidding as- pect and wrings from him a tribute of blood. The last Californian contains a spicy account of a ''Botanical Wedding Trip" made to this inhospitable region by Mr. J. G. Lemmon and wife. The hardships they endured in their eager search for plants are almost incredible, but the results amply repaid them. Add to intolerable heat, glaring sand and rattlesnakes, the following condition of things, and it will be seen that our plant.-, are dearly bought. "The way was along a. sandy creek-wash, with patches of boulders and occasional steep ascents, the whole way besef with cacti of varied degrees of formidable armature, from the innocent pin-cushion cactus, that only catches to your feet and clothing with its fishhook spines while the other straight spines tickle you. to the horrid, wide-branching tree cactus, with its long, glisten- ing barbed spines, that completely clothe limbs and buds, the latter being shed off so frequently, and in such abundance, that they form high mounds under the trees, and often are scattered about for many rods. Any of these spines is strong enough to pierce through a cowhide boot-leg; and when it reaches the flesh you are gone. The retrorse barbs cause it to continue entering the more you strug gle. The best thing to do is to break it off at once where you can, and let the rest fester and come away with the pus. "Almost as cruel are the bushes of an acacia, appropriately called "cats's-claws," that crowd in the trail, and reach their slender limbs across the way, armed every half inch with pairs of strong, recurved thorns, that tap your veins unawares, and cause you to add drops of blood to the perspiration that drips almost constantly from your per- son." "Perhaps no torture known exceeds that produced by attempt- ing t> extract these i cactus) spines from human flesh. One of the fa- vorite tortures inflicted upon captive whites by the Apaches is to strip their victims of clothing, tie their hands and feet, then hurl them against these cacti, rolling them with their lances over upon the bro- ken-down branches, until the poor wretches die from the fiendish tor- ment. Animals in Arizona, impelled by hunger or thirst, often ex- pose their noses to these attacks, when they become mad with pain and die amidst frantic efforts to remove the burs. It is the worst country in the world for sheep. I have seen unsophisticated lambs that had caught a bur from lying down. In attempting to remove it with their teeth, the nose had become attached to the side, and death from star- vation was inevitable." So long as such a condition of things exists the average botanist will be perfectly content to pay from seven and a half to ten dollars per hundred species and enjoy them without such an outlay of sweat and blood. jo BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Disposition of Tendrils in the Bud.— in observing a num- ber of cucurbits growing in my garden last season. I noticed that the tendrils were variously arranged previous to their full expansion. There were three positions, and not far from the same num- ber of species belonging to each sort, with possibly some preponderance in favor of the straight ones. They were either (i) unfolded or straight; (2) rolled from the apex downward upon the unper face, i e., circinate ; or (3) rolled backward from the apex, and the whole coil bent forward upon the upper face so as to make a loop or handle project- ing beyond the coil. This last kind might well be called ansulate. The straight tendrils were found in balsam-apple, gherkin, teasel and gooseberry cucumbers and the dish rag plant. They were at first necessarily very short, but in the climbing species soon exceeded the main axis from which they arose. The circinate ones were seen in the squash, pumpkin, wild cucumber (Echinocystis) and star-cucumber; and the ansulate in muskmelon, common cu- cumber, and Mukia scabrclla. Some species of the genus Cucumis have straight and some ansulate tendrils, but the species of the other genera are uniform, so far as observed. — J. C. Arthur. Autumn Color of the Bartram Oak.— It may be of interest to note that the autumn leaves of Quants heterophylla color like the scarlet Q. coccinea. The early leaves of the season are more or less entire, but when the plants are growing freely, and make a secondary growth, as vigorous oaks often do, the later leaves much resemble Quercus coccinea. Indeed, when mixed it is difficult to separate them. I think with Martindale it is a good species, and that its relationship is with the Scarlet and Black oak. — Thomas Meehan. The Compound Crystals of Begonia.— A few weeks ago the students n the botanical laboratory of Wabash College were investi- gating plant crystals. One member of the class was working with the petiole of one of the large leaved Begonias and examining its well known compound crystals. Upon using his reagents to deter- mine their chemical nature, he found his weaker acids slow to pro- duce any effect, and determined, at any rate, to destroy the crystals, drew under the cover glass some undiluted sulphuric acid. Of course the crystals at once responded and began to dissolve rapidly, but the investigator's attention was at once attracted by the fact that the compound crystals had become bundles of raphides. Upon calling my attention to the fact I directed other members of the class to re- peat the experiment, and in every case the compound crystals wasted away to bundles of raphides, lying in the direction of the longer axes of the crystals. In this connection might be mentioned the fact that the same class found a better display of cystoliths in the stems of the common Pilea pumila than in any other plant studied. The cystoliths were very large, lying of course parallel with the fibers of the stem, and BOTANICAL GAZETTE. n several of them could be brought into one field under a low power. With a Beck's 34 objective and A eyepiece some of them had both ends out of the field. — T. M. C. The Flora of Madagascar. — Madagascar is wonderfully rich in its display of all kinds of life and its natural history has just been considered in some interesting papers published by Mr. J. G. Baker in the Journal of Botany. As Prof. Bessey says, this island is only a little more than three-fourths the size of the State of Texas and yet the number of species of flowering plants alone is estimated at from four to five thousand. Mr. Baker closes his paper with the following summary of the leading characteristics of the Madagascar flora: — i. The flora of the tropical zone throughout the world is remark- ably homogeneous in its general character, and to this general rule Madagascar furnishes no marked exception. There is no well-marked plant type largely developed in the island which is not found else- where, and none absent that one might, a priori, expect. 2. About one in nine of the genera are endemic, but they are all small genera, mostly belonging to the large natural orders and closely allied to cosmopolitan generic types. 3. There is a close affinity between the tropical flora of Mada- gascar and that of the smaller islands of the Mascarene group. 4. There is a close affinity between the tropical flora of Mada- gascar and that of the African continent. 5. There are a few curious cases in which Asiatic types which do not occur in Africa are met with in Madagascar, but these bear a very small numerical proportion to the great mass of the flora. 6. There is a distinct affinity between the flora of the hill-coun- try of Central Madagascar and those of the Cape and the mountain- ranges of Central Africa. EpiphegllS Virginiana.— The Epiphegus Virginiana exhibits an entirely different form of parasitic growth from those plants having haustoria or sucking roots The beech root (on which it grows) on being touched by the parasite, sends a branch, or branch-like growth into the latter, through which all its nourishment is carried, causing the death of the root from this point to its end, if not too large, while that above flourishes despite the drain of the parasite. If, however, the root is larger, and there is substance enough after the parasite is supplied, it will live, but will be retarded in itsgrowth. — S. T. Fergus, West Chester, Pa. Phytolacca (lecandra L. A prolific case.— In an article in the July Number of the American Naturalist, I instanced our Eastern snow bird finding a cache of Pokewort seeds in a deep bank of snow by my garden fence. How the plant got there I do not know, but be- cause of its elegance it was allowed to retain its place. This summer it has attained proportions which exceed anything 1 have ever seen. The plant threw out ten stems. Nine of these averaged ten 12 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. feet in height. The sight presented by the beauti- ful cylindric racemes of berries is very grand. I was curious to estimate the quantity of this purplish fruit. We counted over 1800 racemes, whose average weight was 1 oz. averdu- pois each, thus making a little more than 112 pounds of berries on one plant. The robins are feasting daily upon them ; and they are wel- come, although I hope some will be left for the snowbirds. — S. Lock- wood. Freehold, N.J. Oct. 22, 1881. A Second Spring in Ark.— This season has been such a pe- culiar one that 'Dame Nature" has become confused. Vegetation was luxuriant in this region during the spring and early summer months. Plants put forth rapidly and made a vigorous growth. There was scarcely any rainfall from June until October. All the summer and autumn species of plants were dwarfed. During the continued drouth vegetation assumed a dead like ap- pearance as though killed by frost. Foliage of the trees was dull and shriveled. Meadows and lawns were as brown as stubble fields. The vital forces were apparently suspended, and plants seemed to be tak- ing their periodical rest after a season of activity. The shoots that grew in the spring had the appearance, at the close of the drouth, of wood hardened by the suspension of growth and the approach of winter. The copious fall of rains set in. A second spring arrived and as by magic the earth was transformed into a garden. Nature was enticed to make a second growth which was scarcely interrupted until the hard freeze on the night of Nov. 19th. Flower and leaf buds formed by the early spring growth were lured into development by the warm sun and copious showers. Pear, peach, plum, cherry and apple trees and Japonicas have been in full bloom this fall and on some trees voung fruit has formed. Garden perennials have had a second season of blooming and many summer and fall wild perennial herbs revived and continued to bloom until the freeze. There will certainly be two layers of woody tissue in the exogens of this region representing the growth of 1881. Are the flower buds of plants formed, ordinarily, the spring or season previous to their development ? Is it not probable, that these trees during their second growth, formed new flower buds to take the place of those untimely devel- oped ? Are there latent flower as well as leaf buds which may develop blossoms in cases of emergency? — F. L. Harvey. Ark. Ind. Univ., Fayetteville, Ark. Botanical Paper. E; MORRISON Paper Warehouse, No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs., at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, standard size and weight, 05 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire. Drying paper always kept on hand. Oregon Plants. A few small sets from the Blue Mountains, for sale by W. C. Cusick, Union, Oregon. For list and terms apply to CURATOR of HARVARD HERBAPIOM Cambridge, Mass. Bare Western Plants. from Tin: Cascade Mountains. The subscriber has sets of 300 species of plants of Washington Territory, collected in the Cascade Mountains. Several are new species, some of which have not yet been published. Over TO per cent, are represent- ed by both fruit and flowers. 1 he rates will be $8.00 Per Hundred. Sots will be sent by mail, and lists will be written for inquiring parties. W. X. SUKSDORF, White Salmon. Klickitat Co., Washington Territory. My son, Mr. Geo. R. Vasey, has made dur- ing the past season a valuable collection of plants in S. E California, Arizona and New Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The collection consists of the very interesting plants of that region, many of them exceed- ingly rare, and in first class condition. There are| over 600 species, and the whole set is offered for fifty dollars. Nearly "all the Ferns of that region are included, and a few sets of these will be sold separately A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or individuals. GEO. VASEY, Dep'tof Agriculture, Washington,D. C. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned: Am. Agriculturist ($1.G0 a year) .$2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1 80 Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) 3 60 Torrey Bulletin ($1.00 a year) 1 85 Leisure Hour 1 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists, have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy season's exploration of S- Arizona and have added a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium. They solicit early orders from their old customers and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in mini- oer) including all the new ones,at 10 cts. each. New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. AgaVe Shottii, @ 50 each. Mammilaria pecti- iinla% 50 each. Lilium Parryi @ 50 cents. A small quantity of seeds ot the new and beau- tiful Cupressvs Arizonica just gathered and for sale. The ti ee is sure to become very pop- ular as it will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with quadangular branchlets' A few seeds of the Pinna Ariz- onica and P. CMhvahaua, &c. Address, J. G. LEMMON. Oakland, Cai.. Full Sets of the Gazette! The Editors of the Botanical Gazette ars now ready to furnish complete sets of Back Numbers. Single Volumes for $1 pep Volume ; The Six Volumes Complete for $5! ADDRESS: BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Crawfordsville, Ind. CATALQ6US OF .IHBIANA PLABT 8. This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of ext< a sheets, has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of over 40 pages, with a map Persons desiring copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cts. per copy, or three for $1 .00, by addressing eilner JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. or Prof. CHAS. R. BARNES, LaFayette, Ind. Flora of the Pacific Slope. Having begun the collection through a series of years of material to represent in the best possible manner in his own herbarium and those of a few friends the Flora of the Pacific Slope Of North America in all its natural orders, the subscriber desires to an- nounce that he is pro> iding a number of supernumerary sets and duplicates for such in- dividuals or institutions as may require them in future. His collections of 1891 made in Arizona, California, Oregon and Washington, but chiefly in Southern Arizona, contain an unusual number of arborescent species. Cactacese, Grasses and Ferns, and includes a large number of species but recently discovered or rarely collected. For list and terms address always unless otherwise privatel] advised), C. G. PR1NGLE, It. East Charlotte. Vermont. February. 1882. ^ CLUB. ;)The Vol. VII, No. 2. Botanical Gazette. A PAPER OF Botanical Notes. TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 10 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 CONTE NTS Page. Editorial 13 Siberian Vegetation 16 Some Notes on Yucca. O. Engelmann 17 North American Hepatic*. L. M. Un- derwood 18 The Mistletoe. Thos. Meehan 21 Page. Pastinaca sativa Proterandrous. Aug. F. Foersle 24 Notes from Dayton, O. A. F. Foerste . 24 List of the Genus Carex 24 Notes from Independence, Mo. Frank Bush. 24 JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind., M..S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind., Editors and Pxhlishers. CRAWFOEDSVILLE, fND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1882. THE lUituMOTl ffertt I' V MONTHLY !' Vl'I.K (IF BOTANICAL NOTES. ADVERTISING BATES. i Col \ '"l X Col i time. G limes 12 times | l oo 4 50 li 7." 0 00 1 Col iPage if 4 00 $ 8 00 IS 00 :>7 00 36 oo 54 00 $16 00 72 00 10S 00 . Advertisements less than »„ of :i col- umn inserted at 20 cents per lino, counting eight words a line We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaching the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt atten- tion. M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. Terms. — Subscription, $1 per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, 10 cents. The paper will be invariably stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. Tlic Gazette for 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. "We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are anx- ious to receive from all any notes that are worthy of record and any informa tion of general interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of plants, or botanical books and instru- ments, the Gazette cannot be excell- ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor witli botanical friends, not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country Sample copies will be mailed upon application. J. M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. I ! CLUB. 4 * •^ew YOR^S Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. FEBRUARY, 1882. No. 2. Editorial.— Mr. J. G. Lemmon has published a smaH pamph- let entitled "Ferns of the Pacific Coast, including Arizona." A full conspectus of the tribes and genera is given, and also a classified list of the species, giving the principal points of distinction and places of growth. The announcement is also made that Mrs. Lemmon is about to publish a "Manual of Pacific Ferns." The price of the pamphlet is 35 cts., or $3.50 per dozen. Mr. J. Saunders has given in Hardwicke 's Science- Gossip the results of his study of Gray's Manual of Botany with reference to the colors of fruits of the northern United States. He includes both colored fruits and seeds, and finds that there is a great preponderance of red and black, the former being about 45 per cent., the latter about ^ per cent., while yellow, blue and white occur only in very limited numbers. S. E. Cassino is just about to publish a work on North Ameri- can Lichens by our highest authority, Prof. Edward Tuckerman. It will appear in volumes and be sold at a very low figure. As a very small edition is to be printed and the work is not to be stereotyped orders should be sent in early. The price for Vol. I has been fixed at $3.50, though orders received before March 1st will be filled at 10 per cent, discount. The first volume will be 8vo. and will contain nearly 300 pages, comprising the Parmeliacei, Oadoniei and Cceno- goniei. Jamaica must be a paradise for the fern collector, over 450 spe- cies being enumerated as belonging to its flora. Dr. Engelmann, in the January Torrey Bulletin, notes the oc- curence of Sagittaria nutans, Mx., in the Charles River, Mass., ob- served by Mr. C. E. Faxon, also observed in the Noponset and Ip swich Rivers by Mr John Robinson It never perfects fruit and hence seems not to be at home in these northern waters. In Gray's Manual these northern forms were included in 6". graminea. S. pusil- la. Pursh, must now be considered but a subterrestrial form of S. na- tana . Mr. Darwin's methods of work are peculiarly his own and their results have made astonishing additions to scientific knowledge, but because Mr. Darwin's methods have yielded such resuhs to him it is no indication that any one using the same methods will become a successful investigator. It needs the man as well as the methods, and I4 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. there are investigators in this country who have adopted the latter without any thought of the need of 'he former, and their observations are "as utterly barren of important results as an undigested weather record." The pages of our scientific periodicals are sometimes bur- dened with such material. Editor Gazette : — Your note about oaks on page 2 of the Jan- uary number puts a greater responsibility on me than I am capable to bear. I have seen of Buckley's Oaks only miserable and incomplete dried specimens and could therefore only make guesses and sugges- tions on them and not "decisions." How important and necessaiy it is for a "closet-botanist" to occasionally refresh his botanical vision by communing with living nature I have seen on my extended visits to the Pacific States and the Rocky Mountains. My observations there have furnished new views and suggested different corrections of former statements ; a few of them you printed in the last number, others will follow. But I must confess that I am not any farther ad- vanced in the knowledge of those Texas Oaks, never having had the opportunity to study them in numerous and complete herbarium speci mens nor having seen them growing. Buckley's Quercus Texana is undoubtedly correctly placed by him with the polymorphous Q. rubra. — G. Engelmann. No department of botany seems to the average botanist so un- satisfactory and perplexing as that of Fossil Botany. We all know how difficult it is to name plants when the specimens are only tolera bly complete, but to name them from the merest fragments of stems and leaves is something that must border very closely upon guess work. Such naming too becomes of very great importance when the age of formations rests upon the evidence of fossil plants. It would some- times seem as if the botanist started in with the idea that the frag- ments must of necessity belong to genera and species unlike any living in the same region. Still some splendid work has been done and our countryman, Mr. Lesquereux, has had by no means the least share in it. As an instance of the uncertainty of such work at the best. Mr J. Starkie Gardner, in a bite copy of Nature, speaks of Dr Heer's work upon the fossil flora of Madeira. The terminal leaflets of a Rubus were referred to Corylus, and the various leaflets of another species of Rubus were referred to Corylus, Ulmus and Psoralea, and so on in several other instances. Of the multiplication of species there is no end. The col- lector's first ambition is to find new species and when that is gratified and many new species bear the discoverer's name, the next ambition i: to name the new species himself. It is not very hard, nor does it take many appliances to name and describe a species as new, but it is very hard and it takes the greatest command of appliances to discover the fact of its being really new. One generation coins specific names, a large percentage of which apptar in the synonymy of the next genera- tion. Any one looking over the species of Torre y and Gray's Flora o1" a generation ago and then hunting in Watson's Index to see what has BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 15 become of them will appreciate this fact. But still species are describ- ed by botanists with a limited collection ot plants, a still more limited library and sometimes even with no proper conception of what consti- tutes a species. Any one may get the credit of describing a new species authoritativelv by referring it to competent authorities, upon whom after all will fall the burden of the work in deciding its genuine- ness. Many forms are now enjoying the pleasure of a name "for a season," and many a species in this and other countries is bear- ing two or more names, and only waiting for the question of priority to be settled. Mr. F. Kitton in Science- Gossip describes the method of stain- ing vegetable tissues practised as early as 1774. We give it for the benefit of some of our friends who are laboring over the preparation of beautiful slides, as containing some hint that may be of service. "Dissolve one drachm of sugar of lead in one ounce and a half of water; filter the material. A stem, or piece of a small branch of a tree is to be immersed upright for half its length in this solution, and covered with a glass to prevent evaporation, and allowed to remain two days in it; Cut off the part immersed and throw away. Place the remaining piece in orpiment lixivium (which is thus prepared). Place in a basin two ounces of quicklime and an ounce of orpiment; pour upon them one pint and a half of boiling water. When it has stood a day and a half, it is fit for use. By this process a deep brown stain is produced." This is tak^n from a work on "The Construction of Timber from its Early Growth, explained by the microscope and proved from experiments in a great variety of Kinds. By John Hill, I774-" There are, and may be always will be. two classes of workers with the microscope. The one class have the microscope itself for an end. and to these the euphonious name microscopist is usually applied. As they have in view continually the perfection of the instrument and all its appliances they naturally run to large and complicated stands with an endless array of accessories. There are the best of reasons for everything they use and they obtain the best of results. The other class consider the microscope simply as a means and have made the science of biology what it is to day. But it is a strange fact that these workers always (we speak now strictly of botanical workers) use the simpler instruments and fewer appliances. The great laboratories of to- day, those which are furnishing the material for books and are filling our scientific periodicals with the results of their work, are equipped with very simple instruments. Does it follow that if such work can be done by ordinary instruments even more astonishing results can be ob- tain by using finer ones? Or is it a fact that the extra appliances, etc., are more things of "fuss and feathers" than fruitful additions to bio- logical laboratories ? A discussion is now going on in the Am. Month- ly Micr. Journal concerning the relative value of large and small mi- croscopes, the reading of which suggests to the working biologist some such thoughts as the above. i6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Siberian Vegetation. — Baron Nordenskjold in his "Voyage of the Vega," gives a sketch of a journey up the Yennissi River, in which occurs the following account of the vegetation : "As is the case with all the other Siberian rivers running from south to north, the western strand of the Yenisej, wherever it is formed of loose, earthy layers, is also quite low and often marshy, while on the other hand the eastern strand consists of a steep bank, ten or twenty metres high, which north of the limit of trees is distributed in a very remarka- ble way into pyramidal pointed mounds. Numerous shells of Crus- tacea found here, belonging to species which still live in the Polar Sea, show that at least the upper earthy layer of the tundra was deposited in a sea resembling that which now washes the north coast of Siberia." "On the slopes of the steep tundra bank and in several of the tundra valleys there is an exceedingly rich vegetation, which already, only ioo kilometres south of Yefremo-Kamen, form actual thickets of flowering plants, while the tundra itself is overgrown with an ex- ceedingly scanty carpet, consisting more of mosses than of grasses. Salices of little height go as far north as Port Dickson (730 30' N. L.); the dwarf birch (Betiila nana, L.) is met with, though only as a bush creeping along the ground, at Cape Schaitanskoj (720 8' N. L.); and here in 1875, on tne ice-mixed soil of the tundra, we gather ripe cloudberries. Very luxuriant alders (Alnaster fruticosus, Ledeb) occur already at Mesenkin (710 28' N. L.), and the Briochov Islands (700 to 710 N. L.) are in several places covered with rich and luxuriant thickets of bushes. But the limic of trees proper is considered to be- gin first at the great bend which the river makes in 6g° 40' N. L , a little north of Dudino. Here the hills are covered with a sort of wood consisting of halt-withered, grey, moss grown larches (Larix Sibirica), which seldom reach a height of more than seven to ten me- tres, and which much less deserve the name of trees than the luxur- iant alder bushes which grow nearly 2° farther north. But some few miles south of this place, and still far north of the Arctic Circle, the pine forest becomes tall. Here begins a veritable forest; the greatest the •■•• orld has to show, extending with little interruption from the Ural to the neighborhood of the Sea of Ochotsk, and from the fifty- eighth or fifty-ninth degree of latitude to far north of the Arctic Circle, that is to say, about one thousand kilometres from north to south, and perhaps four times as much from east to west. It is a primeval forest of enormous extent, nearly untouched bv the axe of the cultivator, but at many places devastated by extensive forest fires." "On the high eastern bank of the Yenisej the forest begins im- mediately at the river bank. It consists principally of pines; the Cembra pine [P. Cembra L.], valued tor its seeds; enormous larches ; the nearly awl-formed Siberian pine [P. Sibirica, Ledeb.]; the fir [P. obovata, Turcz.]; and scattered trees of the common pine [P. sylves- tris, L.]. Most of these already north of the Arctic Circle reach a colossal size, but in such a case are often here, far from all forestry, grey and half-dried up with age. Between the trees the ground is so covered with fallen branches and stems, only some of which are fresh, BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 17 the others converted into a mass of wood-mould held together only by the bark, that there one willingly avoids going forward on an un- broken path. If that must be done, the progress made is small, and there is constant danger of breaking one's bones in the labyrinth of stems. Nearly everywhere the fallen stems are covered, often concealed, by an exceedingly luxuriant bed of mosses, while on the other hand tree-lichens, probably in consequence of the dry inland climate of Siberia, occur sparingly. The pines, therefore, want the shaggy covering common in Sweden, and the bark of the birches which are seen here and there among the pines is distinguished by an uncommon blinding whiteness." — Nature. Some Notes 011 Yucca. —Yucca elata : Trunk 3 to 5 feet or more high, leaves linear rigid sharp pointed, filamentose on the white margins ; with white oval acute or acuminate bracts as long as the pedicels ; flowers white, segments ovate acute, ovary attenuated into a whitish style; capsule cylindrical-ovate obtuse short-cuspidate; seeds large, % inch wide narrowly wing-margined. — Y. angustifolia, var. elata. Engelm. Notes on Yucca p. 50. Y. constricta, Baker, Yuccoideae p. 229; not Buckley. Deserts of Arizona probably extending into southern New Mexico and Mexico. Altogether one of the most stately Yuccas, distinguished from the closely allied Y. angustifolia, with which I had formerly united it by its distinct trunk, which is usually 3 to 5 feet, but wnich I have seen even 10 or n feet high, and 3 to 7 inches thick, and es pecially by its long flowering scape, 3 to 7 feet, naked below, and bearing a much branched panicle often 5 feet long ; flowers spreading, 3^ to 4 inches wide, while those of the allied species are more glo- bose, mostly of greenish color, with broadly oval concave segments, with a green stigma ; capsule similar to that of angustifolia, seeds of same size as in that species but with a narrower margin. Young spec- imens flower before they mane a trunk and they look much like Y. angustifolia but can always be distinguished by the naked scape and by the characters of the flower. Yucca constricta, Buckley, appears to be a form of Y. angustifolia with a short trunk ; the constricted capsules ascribed to it are not normal but occasionally occur in all species of Yucca. Yucca macrocarpa, Engelm. 6.224 of this journal has now been found by C. G. Pringle in flower ; the panicle is densely pubes- cent; flowers about 2^ to 3^ inches wide with broadly oval acutish segments. Y. baccata has a glabrous panicle and larger flowers with narrow tapering segments. Y. Schottii, Engelm., Yucc. 46, from Ari- zona, is known only from Schott's notes and very poor specimens and has never been identified since. Its panicle is likewise pubescent; its leaves short, narrow and very {hick, with few thin fibres. It may possibly be a small-leaved form of Y. macrocarpa, which also shows a few thin fibres on the leaves. Both are recommended to the study ol observers. — G. Engelmann. 18 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. North American Hepatic*.- Among all the groups of Cryptogamia the Hepaticce seem to receive the least attention from students and are also neglected by general botanical collectors. The group was not recognized by Linna?us as a distinct order yet in Class XXIV in his Systema Natara he describes forty-five species dis- tributed among the following genera : — -Jungermannia, twenty-eight ; Targionia, one; Marchantia, seven; Blasia, one; Riccia, five; An- thoceros, three. Although these Linnsean species to some extent have been redistributed among other genera by later botanists, the genera still remain and include some of our common forms of Hepaticce. Since the time of Linnaeus other genera have been formed by Du- mortier, Palisot de Beauvois, Raddi, Micheli, Corda, Nees, Linden- berg, Taylor and Lehmann. The British Jungennannice were describe 1 by Sir W.J.Hooker in 1816, and those of Germany by T. P. Eckart in 1832. Corda published the Genera Hepticarumixoxa Prague in 1828, and Nees von Esenbeck in connection with Gottsche and Lindenberg published the Synopsis Hepaticarum from Hamburg from 1844 to 1847 '■> the latter is as yet the only general work on Hepaticce that has been issued In our own country there have been only two investigators of promi- nence. W. S. Sullivant (1803-1873) published the "Musci and He- paticae of the Eastern United States," which formed an appendix to one of the earlier issues of Gray's Manual ; the copyright bears date of 1856 and this work which is the only one attempting to clas- sify our native species is now outof print and can scarcely be obtained at any price. In the death of Coe F. Austin, of Closter, N. J., in 1880, Amer- ica lost not only an enthusiastic botanist but her solitary worker among the Liverworts. His contributions to the subject were unfor- tunately not arranged in any systematic publication, but are found scattered through various scientific journals, notably the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, Botanical Gazette, and the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. In addition to many notes on species already described, Mr. Austin has described over sixty new Ameri- can Hepaticce besides many from foreign localities chiefly Japan and the Sandwich Islands. His ''Hepaticce Borcali-A?ncricance exsiccatce" containing over one hundred and seventy numbers was first distributed in 1874. Only a small portion of America has been searched thoroughly for Liverworts. Ohio, New Jersey, Florida and portions of New England, California, and Illinois have been more or less carefully ex- amined but the greater portion of the continent is still new territory. Seventy-six species have been catalogued from New Jersey and forty- five from Illinois, yet in the latter State only a few counties have been carefully examined. The descriptions of the American species being so widely scattered through German and English works and in- accessible works and periodicals published in our own country, and especially being written largely in Latin are not in a form to be of especial BOTANICAL GAZETTE. *9 value to the general student. In the absence of any American specialist in this group, the subject can receive little aid from general collectors or local botanists until the present knowledge of the subject is systematically arranged for reference and study. To this end the present writer hopes to be able to contribute a compilation of the Hepaticce in a form available for study and further investigation and would be pleased to receive any communications respecting distribu- tion, etc. — Lucien M. Underwood, Bloomington, III. The following preliminary list is presented for suggestions and corrections : — List of North-American Hepaticce— doubtful species are printed in italics. — Alicularia, Lescurii, Aust. Aneura, Dumort. latifrons, multirida, (L.), Dumort. var major. palmata, (Hedw.), Nees. pinguis, (L.), Dumort. pinnatifida, Nees. sessilis, Sprang. Antiioceros, L. cti'spiticius, DeNot. Donnellii, Aust. fusiformis, Aust. Hal Hi, Aust. Joorii, Aust. Itevis, L. Lescurii, Aust. melanosporus, Sulliv melanospora, Sulliv. Mohrii. Aust. Olneyi, Aust. orbicularis, Sulliv. bicularis, Sulliv. Oreganus, Aust. punctatus, L. Kavenelii, Aust. stomatifer, Aust. sulcatus. Aust. Asterella, Beauv. liemispliaerica,(L.), Beauv, ; Reboulia hemixphcerim, Radcli. Blasia, Mich. pusilla, L. Blepharostoma, Dumort. tricliophyllum, (L), Dumort. Beepharozia, Dumort. ciliaris, (L.), Dumort. C^ESIUS, conciuDatus, (Lightt'oot), B. Gray; Oymrunnitrium concinn(itam,Corda. Calypogeia, Raddi. Sullivanti, Aust. Trichomanis, (Dicks), Corda. var. rivularis, Aust. Notothylas NolotJiylas or- var. tenuis, Aust. Cephaeozia. Dumort. albescens, Hook, bicuspidata, (L.), Dumort. var. conferta, Aust. catenulata, (Huben.), Aust. connivens, (Dicks.), Aust. curvifolia, (Dicks.), Aust. divaricata, (Engl. Bot.), Aust. var. confervoides, Aust. Macouni, Aust. nematodes, Gott. Sullivanti, Aust. Chiloscyphus, Corda. ascendens, Hook, and Wils. Drummondii, Tayl. pallescens, (Dumort.), Nees. polyanthos, (L.), Corda. var. rivularis, Aust. CONOCEPHAEUS Hill. conicus, (L.), Dumort. ; Fegatelia con- ica, Corda. DUMORTIERA, Nees. hirsuta, (Swz.), Nees. Duvalia Nees. rupestris, (Biscb.), Nees. Fimbriaria, Nees. Bolanderi, Aust. Californica, Hampe. elegans, Spreng. fragans, (Scleicb.), Nees. tenella, Nees. violacea, Aust. Fossombronia, Raddi. angulosa, Raddi. cristula, Aust. longiseta, Aust. pusilla, (L.). Nees. Frullania, Raddi. a?olotis, Nees. Bolanderi, Aust. brunnea, Spieng. Donnellii, Aust. Eboracensis, Gott. 20 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Grayana, Mont. Hal'lii, Aust. Hutehinsia:, (Hook.), Nees. Kunzei, Lehm. and Lindb. Lean a, Aust. Nisqualensis, Sulliv. Oakesiana, Aust. plana, Sulliv. saxicola, Aust. squarrosa, Nees. Sullivantii, Aust. Tamarisci, Nees. "Virginica, Gott. Geocalyx, Nees. graveolens, (Schrad), Nees. Gkimaldia, Raddi. barbifrons, Bisch. sessilis, Sulliv. JUNGERMANIA, L. alpestris, Schleich. Bantriensis, Hook., var. Mullen, Lindb. barbata, Scbreb. var. attentata, Mart, bicuspidata, L. biformis, Aust. cordifolia, Hook, crenulata, Smith. var. gracillima, Hook, crenulit'ormis, Aust. excisa, Dicks. var. crispata, Hook. fossombronioid.es, Aust. Gilmani, Aust, Helleriana, Nees. Hornschiana, Nees. hyalina, Lyell. incisa, Dicks. inflata, Huds. var. fluitans, Micbauxi, Weber, minuta, Crantz. pleniceps, Aust. polita, Nees. porpbysoleuca, Nees. pumila, Witte. Scbraderi, Mart, setiformis, Ehrh. sphaerocarpa, Hook. Sullivantia-, Aust. ventricosa, Dicks. Wallrothiana, Nees. Wattiana, Aust. Lejixia, Libert, auriculata, Hook, and Wils. ealyculata, Tayl. cavit'olia, (Ebrh.), Lindb. clypeata, Scbwein. cucullata, Nees. cyclostipa, Tayl. echinata, (Hook.), Tayl. M. S. looriana, Aust. longirlora, Tayl. minuti«sima, Dumort. Mohrii, Aust. polyphylla, Tayl. Sullivantia', Aust. testudinea, Tayl. Lepidozia, Nees. reptans, (L.), Nees. setacea, (Web.), Mitt. Leptoscyphus. Taylori, (Hook.), Mitt. LlOCHL^ENA, lanceolata, (L ), Nees. Lophocolea. Nees. bidentata, (L.), Nees. crocata, (DeNot), Nees. Hallii, Aust. heteropliylla, (L.), Nees. Macouni, Aust. minor, Nees. Madotheca, Dumort, Bolanderi, Aust. involuta, Hampe. navicularis, (Lebm. and Lindb.), Nees. platyphylla, (L.), Dumort, porella, (Dicks.), Nees. rivularis, Nees. Sullivanti, Aust. thuja, Dicks. Watangensis, Sulliv. Marchantia, L. disjuncta, Sulliv. polymorpha, L. Mastigobryum, Nees. derlexum, (Mart), Nees. trilobatum, (L.), Nees. var. trkleidiculatum. Masttgophora, Californica, Aust. Metzgeria, Raddi. furcata, (L.), Nees. pubescens, Raddi. ODONTOCIItSMA, DuillOlt. Hubeneriana, Rab. scutata, (Web.), Aust. Sphagni, (Dicks.), Dumort. Pellia, Raddi. calycina, (L), Nees. epiphylla, (L.), Nees. porphyrorrhiea, (Nees.), Aust. Phragmr'oma, Dumort. clypeata, (Scbwein), Sulliv. xantbocarpa, L. and Lg. Plagiochasma, Lehm. and Lindl). erythrosperma, Sulliv. Wrightii, Sulliv. Plagiociiii.a, Nees and Mont. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 21 asplenoides, (L.), Nees and Mont. interrupta, Nees. Ludoviciana, Sulliv. porelloides, Lindb. spinulosa, (Dicks.), Nees and Mont, undata, Sulliv. Pleuranthe, Tayl. olivacea, Tayl. Pressia, Nees. commutata, (Lindb.), Nees. Radula, Nees. Caloosiensis, Aust. cotnplanata, (L.), Dumort. Hallii, Aust. obconica, Sulliv. pallens, (Swz.), Nees. spicata, Aust. Sullivanti, Aust. Xalapensis, Mont. Kiccia, Mich, albida, Sulliv. arvensis, Aust. var. birta, Aust. Beyricbiana, Hampe. bifurca, Hoti'm. Californica, Aust. crystal! ina, L. Donnellii, Aust. fiuitans, L. var. terrestris. var. lata. var. canaliculars. Hofftn. Frost ii, Aust. glauca, L. lamellosa, Raddi. Lescuriana, Aust. lutescens, Schwein. natans, L. var. terrestris, Aust. nigrella, DeCand. sorocarpa, Biscb. Sullivanti, Aust. tenuis, Aust. tuniida, Lindb. Watsoni, Aust. Sarcoscyphus, Corda. adustus, Nees. Bolanderi, Aust. ernarginatus, (Ehrh.). var. aquaticus, G. L. N. sphacelatus, (Gies.), Nees. Sauteria, limbata, Aust. Scapania, Lindb. albicans, (L.), Mitt. var. taxifoiia. Bolanderi, Aust. breviflora, Tayl. compacta, (Roth.), var. irrigua. exsecta, (Schmidt). nemorosa, (L.).Nees. Oakesii, Aust. Peckii, Aust. subalpina, (Nees.). uliginosa. umbrosa, (Schrad.) Nees. undulata, (L.) Nees and Mont. Sexdtnera, Endl. juniperina, Nees. Sph^erocarpus, Mich. Berteri, Mont. Californicus, Aust. Donnellii, Aust. Michelii, Bellardi. Texanus, Aust. Sphagncecetis, Nees. Macouni, Aust. Steetzia, Lehm. Lyelli, (Hook.) Lehm. Targonia, Michelii, Corda. Thallocarptjs, Lindb. Curtissi, Aust. Trichocolea, Nees. Tomentella, Nees. Genera, 49; species, 219; varieties, 17 The Mistletoe.— The Mistletoe of the Eastern States has a general resemblance to that of Europe, Viscum album ; but the old genus Viscum has been divided by modern botanists, although the lines of distinction are somewhat artificial. We have two genera, Phorndendron and Arceuthobium. Among the leading distinctions may be mentioned that the European branch of the family, Viscum, as now restricted, has the anther open by three pores or slits, our Pho- radendron by two, while the Arceuthobium has but one. There are other slight differences in pollen grains, cotyledons, and form of the fruits. The European Mistletoe is usally found on deciduous trees only, an instance being recorded where it has been found on the Scotch pine in Germany, and its American representative. Phoradcndron 22 BOTANICAL GAZET1E. flavescens, Nuttall, seems also confined to deciduous trees and shrubs. This extends across the continent, a form being found on the Pacific coast still confined t> deciduous plants; while another genus. Arceu- thobium,seems wholly confined to the coniferous trees which are mixed with the deciduous ones. The nam^ Arceuthobium is suggestive of this fact, it being derived from two Greek words signifying "living on the juniper." Phoradendron, on the other hand, means simply "living on, or stealing from trees." Arceuthobium, however, does not live whollv on junipers. In the herbarium of the Phila. Academy is a specimen of A. occidentale, growing on Jiiniperus occidcntalis — some Nevada specimens are on Pinus ponderosi. I have specimens of Pho- radendron juniperinum from Nevada growing on Libocedrus decurrens, which, by the way, is, I believe, the first time this pretty cupressine- ous tree has been reported from the State of Nevada. Among the differences noted by Engelmann in the Botany of California, between Phoradendron and Arceuthobium, is that while the former flowers in February and March, and matures its fruit "next winter," the fruit of the Californian species opens in the summer, and does not mature till the "second autumn." The European Mistletoe is stated by Bentham to open in spring, and perhaps this is so ; it was formerly supposed to be the case with the American Phoradendron flavescens, but Mr. Wm. Canby had shown to the Phila. Academy recently, that in Delaware the flowers open in the fall, and the fruit matures in the autumn of the following year, or just one year afterward. The flowers and fruit are on the trees at the same time together. If this is general with Pho- radendron. it still lessens the distinctions between the genera. Usually Phoradendron bears leaves, while Arceuthobium is leafless— but the Libocedrus parasite is as destitute of leaves as an Arceuthobium, and the common observer would see little in their general aspects to distin- guish them. But there is one great difference in the genus, at least as represented by these two species. In opening the box which con- tained the specimens, the whole mass was covered with a dense viscid secretion, which rendered it very difficult to separate one branch from another. On leaving the lid open a little while, the watery particles soon evaporated, leaving a dry gummy deposit over the whole surface. While this was going on, the seeds were ejected with great force from their endocarps. being projected against the face with such force as to leave a stinging sensation. Dr. Engelmann has noted this powerof ejec- tion in the berries of this plant. The Phoradendron exhibits no trace of any such power, though there seems to be little difference in the struc. ture of the berries. These facts raise a nice teleological question. Birds do not seem to use the berries. As they are so viscid that the famous bird-lime is made from some species, it is probable the very viscidity would prevent the free use of the beak in any attempt to use the seeds. But it is believed that by becoming attached to the feet or feathers of birds, the seeds are widely distributed, and that in this way the plant has all the advantage necessary for distribution in the "struggle for life." But Arceuthobium, besides all the advantages BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 23 to be derived from this mode of distribution, has an additional aid from a projecting force. Did Arceuthobium at one time exist when or where there were no birds, and had it to depend on this projection alone for its distributing power, and is the viscidity a later development ? Did Phoradendron once possess the power, and has it abandoned it from having through the ages found out that it travels well enough without its exercise? Or is it rather, as I am inclined to believe, that nature loves to aim expressly at variety, and is continually exhibiting her power to accom- plish the same end by a wonderful variety of means ? But whatever may be thought of the various theories of development, and the laws of final causes which may have operated to produce changes, there can be but little doubt but parasitism is an acquired habit, and the endeavor to find out what these plants were, and how they behaved before they were parasites, is fast becoming one of the most interesting of biologi- cal studies. The seeds ejected from the endocarp in Arceuthobium fasten them- selves tn the branches of trees by a glutinous mass at one end. This end is opposite to the radicle, which, in germinating, has to push out from above, and curve downward towards the branch in order to at- tach itself. I have not seen them during the process of ger- mination, but as the testaceous covering is held fast by the glutinous se- cretion, it is probable the cotyledons are drawn out as the plumule takes its upright position, leaving the testa as an empty case fastened to the branch. Presuming that this must be the case with other Loranthace- ous plants, it is difficult to understand the process by which the East Indian species performs the locomotive feat recently noted by Dr. Watt, and which from its remarkable nature has had a wide publica- tion. It was reported as the observation of Dr. Watt that a seed fall- ing on and becoming attached to the coriaceous leaf of a Memecylon, would send out its radicle, which, curving down, formed a flattened disk by which it attached itself to the leaf. But, as if it knew that ;i leaf couli not permanently support a perennial plant, the cotyledons were lifted and turned to the other side, when the end with the disk moved to another place, and in this way the seed traveled to a more favorable spot. Without reflecting on the observation, I believe it should be repeated in order to be sure of no mistake In all plants in our country which fasten to an object through a disk at the end of a rootlet or tendril, as in Ampelopsis and Bignonia capreolata, the at- tachment is made while the disk is forming. A disk once formed, does not reattach itself to an object when removed from the original spot. In like manner the cotyledons, once removed from the endo carps, would have no viscidity with which to form a resisting power while the disk was unfastening itself from its undesirable location. There is, however, so much of singular behavior in the Mistletoe family that further observations are very desirable. — Thos. Meehan, Proc. Phil. Acad. 24 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Pastinaca Sativa Pl'Oterandrous.— Umbelliferae are mostly proterogynous, and so it was a matter of surprise to me to find an ex- ception in our common Parsnip. The anthers discharge their pollen very early and fall off while the rudimentary styles can be seen as mere protuberances on the disk crowning the ovary. In time, the styles lengthen, separate, the stigmas develop, and the flower is now capa- ble ot being fertilized. This is accomplished by means of numerous small coleoptera and other insects which frequent the plant. As the plant is fertile with its own pollen, this arrangement must exist to pre- vent excessive close breeding. — Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, O. Malvastrum angustum in Ottawa, 111.— I have found Malvastrum angustum in Ottawa on Trenton limestone. The only local- ity given in Gray's Manual is Rock Island, and Patterson says, in his catalogue of Illinois plants, that that locality is now covered by the gov- ernment buildings. It was almost past blossoming when discovered, but I have several fruited specimens for exchange. It grows quite near, and in the same formation with the Petalostemon foliosus. Croton capitaius is also abundant. near by, and Calatnintha glabella, var. Nut tallii. — H. L. Bolt wood. Notes From Dayton, Ohio. — in a Dkksonia punctUobula, Kunze, collected by Mr. A. P. Morgan, I noticed several pinnae forking a little above their bases. This variation, although not rare in other genera, I have never seen mentioned in a Dkksonia. I have also found Lycopcrdon pedicellatum, Peck, a species hith- erto found only in New York. I am indebted to its author for the determination. — Aug. F. Foerste. List Of the OenilS Carex. — With this number we publish as an extra the first part of a lis!: of the species of Carex as found in Gray's Manual, with the synonymy. Mr. J. F. James, Curator of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, was led to the preparation of this list by his own needs; and thinking that the needs of many other botanists may be similar, we present it to our subscribers as a help to their study of this troublesome genus. The list will probably be completed with the next number. Notes From Independence, Mo.— During the past season Ihave found here Conobea multiftda, Benth. with ternate leaves, though rarely the upper are in twos. A white flowered form of Verbena stricta, Vent., with a white flowered Delphinium exaltatum Ait., both abundant. Specularia leptocaipa, Gray, very plenty on damp rocks. Verbena Aubletia L. , and bracteosa Michx. , in dry and open prairies, both very common Salvia azurea, Lam., with the variet} gratidi flora, Benth., which seems very distinct. Solatium rostratum, Dunal, is a pest on our streets and seems like a native. Can furnish a number of the above on exchange. — Frank Bush Botanical Paper. E. MORRISON Paper Warehouse, No. i',05 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs., at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, standard size and weight, 05 His. per ream, .$8,12 per ream, or 50 els. per quire. Drying paper always kept on band. The undersigned will sell to Botanists sets of about 300 species from Eastern Oregon. For list and terms address WM. C. CTJSICK, Union, Oregon. IC£ FKOM THE w era My son, Mr. Geo. II. Vasey, has made dur- ing the past season a valuable collection of plants in S. E California, Arizona and New- Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The collection consists of the very interesting plants of that region, many of them exceed- ingly rare, and in first class condition. There are. over 000 species, and the whole sel i offered for fifty dollars. Nearly all the Pernsof that region are included, and a few sets of these will- be sold separately A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or individuals. GEO. VASEV. Dep'tof Agriculture, Washington, I>. C. Cascade Mountains. The subscriber has sets of 300 species of plants of Washington Territory, collected in the Cascade Mountains. Several are new species, some of which have not yet. been published. Over 70 per cent, are represent- ed by both fruit and flowers. The rates will be $8.00 Per Hundred. Sets will be sent by mail, and lists will lie written for inquiring parties. W . N. SUKSDORF, White Salmon, Klickitat Co., Washington Territory. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned : Am. Agriculturist ($1.00 a year, $2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1 SO Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) ... . 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) 3 GO Torrey Bulletin ($1.(0 a year) l 85 Leisure Hour ... 1 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists, have returned to Oakland, Cab, from a busy season's exploration of S. Arizona and have a.dded a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium. They solicit early orders from their old customer-; and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific (oast ferns (about 50 in intra- l>er)includingall the new ones, at It) els. each. New ones alone 85 cents each. Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. Ar/ave Shottii, % 50 each. MatnmilaHa pecti- nata® 50 each. Lilium Parryi ® so cents. A small quantity of seeds of the new and beau- tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and for sale. Thetreeis sure to become very pop- ular-as it will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with quadangul&r branchlets. A few seeds of the Pinus Ariz- and P. Ckihuahaua, &c. Address, J. G. LEMMON, Oakland, Cal. Full Sets of the Gazette! The Editors of tho Botanical Gazettk ars now ready to furnish complete sets of Hack Numbers. Single Volumes for $1 per Volume ; The Six Volumes Complete for $5! ADDRESS: BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Orawfordsville, Ind. CATALOBUl 01 II1IAM FLAHTS. This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets, lias now been hound in a neat pamphlet of over 40 pages, with a map . Persons desiring copies eau procure them at the rate of 35 cts. per copy, or three for $1.00, by addressing either JOHN M. COULTER, Orawfordsville, Ind. or Prof. (HAS. R. BARNES, LaFayette, Ind. PLANTS OF 8QUTBBBI C&LXFOBIIB. A list Of about 1,900 species, showing the habitat of each, will be mailed free to in- tending purchasers, to others for ten cents, or a list of Ferns for a red stamp. PARISH BROTHERS, it Wan Bernardino, California. March, 1882. The Botanical Gazette. A PAPER OF Botanical Notes. TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 1 0 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1 .00 CONTE NTS "^ " Page. Notes on Salix Sitchensis. M. 8. Bebb 25 Protandry of Pastinaca. 11';/!. Tre- Icase. 26 Seeds of Qrontium and Symploearpus. A. G The Greenland Flora. A. G. A Note from Emesby 27 2V 27 American Grape Mildew in Eurone. II". G. Farlow 20 Page. Chrysogonum Virgin ianum, var. den- talum. A. Gray 31 Some New Grasses G. Vasey 32 Notes on California Plants. M. E. Jones as Notes from a Laboratory. C. R. Barnes 35 Large Red-bud. 0. Meynclce, 36 JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind., M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind., Editors and Publishers. CRAWFORDSVILLE, IND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1882. THE A MONTHLY PAPER OP BOTANICAL NOTES. ADVERTISING RATES. K C0l 1 time. 6 times. 12 times. $ 1 00 4 50 6 75 MCol $ 2 00 9 00 13 50 y^Coi $ 4 00 18 no 27 00 ICol > 8 00 36 00 54 00 lPage .fie oo 72 00 108 00 ggp* Advertisements less than % of a col- umn inserted at 20 cents per line, counting eight words a line. We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaahing the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt atten- tion. M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. Terms. — Subscription, $i per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, io cents. The paper will be invariably stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. M1E YIL The Gazette for 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are anx- ious to receive from all any notes that are worthy of record and any informa tion of general interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of plants, or botanical books and instru- ments, the Gazette cannot be excell- ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor with botanical friends, not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country Sample copies will be mailed upon application. J. M. COULTER, Crawfordsville,, Ind. ^$EY BOTltf/g ^ CLUB, Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. MARCH, 1882. No. 3. Note on Salix Sitchensis and its affinities.— Among some specimens of willows sent from Washington Territory, by Mr. W. N. Suksdorf, my attention was particularly directed to one showing but a single stamen under each scale. There were fertile aments to match, and good leaves accompanying both sexes, so that I had no hesitancy in referring all to Sailx Site hew sis, the fruit of which is quite unique among American willows. Need T say that no time was lost in a critical re-examination of all the staminate Sitchensis in my herbarium, from British Columbia to California, nor how astonished I was to find this peculiarity of a single stamen, constant throughout! At first glance the profusion of stamens in Mr. Howell's specimens appeared to belie any such reduction, but it needed only the most cursory examination with a magnifier to show what an oversight I had been guilty of, at the .very outset, in framing my key totheJJiandra' of the Californian Flora. This brings me directly to remark that we have now a clew to the true charac- ter and affinity of that obscure species, S. Coulteri. It is, in my opinion, simply an extravagant, autumnal growth of Sitchensis, bearing the same relation to the normal development of the species that the serotinous state of the S. hisiolepis (upon which S. Hart- ivegi was founded) does to typical lasiolepis. Considering the ex- cessive variability of the leaves of willows there is nothing in the form, vesture, petioles or stipules to invalidate this view, while on the other hand we have the significant fact that Sitchensis and Coulteri share together the single stamen — a character unique among Pacific coast willows. Salix Coulter i is known only from two gatherings, the original one by Coulter, and the other by Bolander, both staminate, with scarcely developed aments appearing in the axils of leaves so old, so thoroughly mature and rigid, that where doubled in pressing they have broken instead of bending. Above there is a younger growth,' such as might appear along with the normal expansion of the aments. Bolander says the tree is "common in Marion county," but if this is true why has the pistillate plant never been collected? If however we find that Coulteri is only an abnormal, secondary growth of what under ordinary conditions would be recognized as Sitchensis, the answer is obvious. Old leaves of Sitchensis, known to be such, I have never seen. I doubt if they exist in any herba- 2<5 BOTANICAL QAZETTE. rium on either side of the Atlantic. At best we have had young, succulent growths — usually taken with the mature fruit. Mr. Suksdorf's specimens give us the full grown — if not the old and rigid leaves, and they show a decided approach to so called Coulteril It remains to consider the thicker and more densely villous aments, and the stout, furrowed, tomentose twigs of Coulter/; but here again Mr. Suksdorf's specimens are intermediate in character, and we need only concede a degree of variation paralleled by our famliar S. hum His to warrant the uniting of the two extremes. I broach, with much hesitancy, a further consideration of the place of S. Sitchensis in a methodical arrangement of species. Pro- fessor Andersson grouped it with sericea wApetiolaris as a peculiar- ly American type, at the same time arranging Coulteri with lasio- lepis as manifestly representing the European S. daphnoides, sug- gesting however a doubtful affinity to S. discolor (eriocephala) and S. lanata through the intermediation of Hookeriana and speciosa. Remembering the scanty material before the distinguished Salicolo- gist these conjectures appear sufficiently plausible; but Coulter/', must be most nearly allied to — if not identical with — Sitchensis and it is clear that Sitchensis is distinguished from the species with which it has been heretofore associated not only by the single sta- men but also by the long, narrowly cylindrical fertile aments erect then spreading, subsessile capsules with manifest style — short peti- oled leaves with entire revolute margins, etc. May it not be that Sitchensis represents in America the Euro- pean Synandrw, a group so commonly distributed throughout Europe and Asia that its entire omission from our flora has always appeared remarkable, and furthermore one which if found at all with us would most likely appear on the Pacific slope where already S. Bre/reri gives us our only species of the Viminales. Is the coales- cence of the two stamens in purpurea carried a step further to the extreme of suppressing entirely one of the members in Sitchensis? A peculiar American type it may still be, "pulcherrima et dis- tinct issima species'" it most certainly is, but its place seems to be with or near the Synandrce rather than among any of the recognized groups of the Diandrce. — M. S. Bebb. Protamlry of Pastinaca — Will you kindly allow me to correct a mistake into which your correspondent, A. F. Foerste, falls, in his note on "Pastinaca sativa Proterandrous,, (Bot. Ga- zette, Feb. 1882, p. 24.). So far as I know all Umbellifer/v that have been studied in this respect are described as protandrous, and in nearly every case the dichogamy is quite as marked as in Pas- tinaca. Although not understood, the fact was observed by Pon- tedera 160 years ago; and it was well described and explained by Sprengel near the end of the last century. There are probably a few genera having inconspicuous flowers, with imperfect protandry, and it is not impossible that synacmic species may be found. So BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 27 far as I recollect, however, no case of this sort is known in the or- der; and the only instance I recall in which the dichogamy is in- complete enough to allow self-fertilization is afforded by the genus Hydrocotyle, described by Herman Muller (WeitereBeohachtungcn, 1879, 1. p. 32-33.). Even here there is very pronounced protandry, for the stigmas do not become receptive until the last stamen has matured; and the accelerated development of the pistil is doubtless correlated with the reduced flowers and umbels of this aberrant genus, and the attendant decrease in the number of its insect visit- ors. The causes which led to this reduction in the attractiveness of the flowers are probably of an entirely different nature, and connected with the changed habit of the plants. In Germany the flowers of the parsnip are said by Dr. Muller to be visited by Hy- menoptera and Diptera, never by Coleoptera! — Wm. Trelease, Cambridge, Mux*. Seeds of Orontium and Symploearpus — Has any Botanist of U. S. got ripe seeds of Orontium and of Symploearpus, and will they forward some by mail to Sir J. D. Hooker, Royal Gardens, Kew, London? No matter how old; they are wanted for the structure. — A. G. The Greenland Flora.— A year hence the classical Flora Dcmica will be terminated by the completion of the seventeenth volume. The work will contain figures of 4,000 species of plants, of Scandinavia, including Greenland and Iceland. It has been published whollv at the expense of the King of Denmark, and a right royal work indeed. At its completion the plates (in folio) which relate to Greenland plants, and which illustrate its whole flora, are to be separately issued, with a brief letter press, under the title of Icones Florce GroenJandicxe. As this flora is in one sense American, and as the copies of the whole Flora Danica in the United States are and must be very few, we take pleasure in an- nouncing this illustrated Greenland Flora to American botanists. Some of them w^ll wish to possess it. The price of uncolored copies is fixed at 56 francs, of the colored at 236 francs. It should be added that, as the impression is strictly limited, application should be made very promptly. The editor, Professor Joh. Lange, Copenhagen, informs us that he will himself receive subscriptions, up to the first of May next. — A. G. A Note from Emesby.— Editor of the Botanical Gazette — Let me thank Professor Rothrock most heartily for his courteous statement— or rather re-statement— of the methods and "trend of botany teaching in the University of Pennsylvania; after which I ought not to have another word to say further than to disclaim all thought or intention of "criticising" the articles which appear- 28 BOl AA'ICAL GAZETTE. ed in the Gazette from the pen of this genial writer; articles which no one could have read with more cordial appreciation than T. The truth is, I was away from home, and dropping into a public read- ing room to spend a leisure hour, 1 picked up a periodical which, for all the botany it contains, I have not considered worth subscribing for, and the whole spirit of the little I did read on this occasion prompted my hasty and inconsiderate protest. Had I waited for the next number of the Gazette, giving Prof. Beal's methods and the editorial comments theron I would have felt reas- sured and remained in becoming obscurity. I wrote in the interest of the "average amateur11 — being of that "small fry11 myself. I had no right — indeed am utterly incom- petent— to write in the interest of the average Professor seeking to advance the cause of Science and at the same time his individual rep- utation "in the direction of least resistance11 by working in fields that have only been left unexplored because they are comparatively uninviting. But I must have said something very naughty to stir up the Botanical editor of the Naturalist to a notice covering just nine lines, but so crowded with apparently unconscious perversions, misquotation?, and unwarranted inferences that I stand amazed! I am charged with placing too high a value on the "identification of &few plants (when I distinctly urged the very reverse) or the "find- ing of a new species11 — when I never said a word about new species, and in point of fact consider "new species11 a chance game, the "finding11 of which may just as well fall to the lot of a fool as a philosopher. The eliminating of Mr. Watson's species to which I incidentally referred, directly resulting from a thorough revision of the genera to which they respectively belong, is quite another matter. What I did say is this: that a large proportion "of amateurs are interested11 in plants themselves, in their structural affinities as expressed in a methodical arrangement "which involves organo- graphy— comparative morphology — and systematic botany11 and "in their geographical distribution and antecedents.11 Under this last head may I quote from an address given by Charles Kingsley to the Scientific Society of Winchester. He says: "I ask you to consider for a time, a subject which is growing more and more important and interesting, a subject the study of which will do much toward raising the field naturalist from a mere collector of specimens — as he was twenty years ago — to a philosopher elucidating some of the grandest problems. I mean the infant science which treats of the distribution of plants and animals over the globe and the causes of that distribution.11 "It begins with asking every plant or animal you meet, large or small, not merely what is your name? That is the collector and classifieds duty, and a most necessar}7 duty it is, and one to be performed with the most conscientious patience and accuracy so that a sound foundation may be built for future specu- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 20 lations. But * * how did you get here? By what road did you come? What was your last place of abode?'1 And better still", Wallace in "Island Life,11 p. 6: "'If we take the organic productions of * * * any very limited tract of coun- try, such as a moderate country parish, we have, in their rela- tions and affinities — in the fact that they are there and others are not there, a problem which involves all the migrations of these species and their ancestral forms — all the vicissitudes of climate and all the changes of sea and land which have affected those migrations — the whole series of actions and reactions which have determined the preservation of some forms and the extinction of others — in fact, the whole history of the earth, organic and inorganic, through- out a large portion of time." And further on he says: " We re- quire then in the first place an adequate knowledge of the fauna and flora of the whole world and even a detailed knowledge of many parts of it." * * 'This kind of knowledge is of very' slow growth and is still very imperfect. In the next place we require a true and natural classification of animals and plants so that we may know their real affinities an 1 it is only now that this is being generally arrived at.'1 Here certainly, is "ample room and verge enough1' for the exercise of all the mental power the "average amateur1' is possessed of— not to include the average Professor as well. I distinctly disclaimed any intention to disparage histological studies, but nevertheless would protest against the thrusting of his- tology upon students as a first step in the acquisition of a knowl- edge of systematic botany. Need I do more in this connection, now, than to remind the reader of the programme of a summer school, not long since, and place beside it this quotation from the preface to the last edition of Gray's Text Book: "Structural and Morphological Botany of Phaenogamous Plants properly comes first. It should thoroughly equip a botanist for the scientific prosecution of Systematic Botany, and furnish needful preparation to those who proceed to the study of Vegetable Physiology and Anatomy !" But I don1 1 "understand plants as living things.11 That depends! I strive to the extent of my ability to study my fellow-men as "liv- ing things;11 but I much prefer to go to the Herbert Spencers Sociology for instruction to dissecting a cadaver under the best demonstrator of human anatomy in the country. It is a question of predilection as I said before — and I for one do not propose to quietly submit to the claims of the anatomists that they are the only students of "living things.11 Is the little tufted, alpine Diapensia which we find on the summit of Mount Washington, with all the fascinating associa- tions which cluster around it as a relic of the glacial period, more or less a living thing than a pickled pumpkin vine? As to the advantage of the study of botany on account of the SO BOTANICAL GAZETTE. comprehensiveness and perfection of its classifications let me offer the following from Prof. Youmans: uNo other subjects compare with zoology and botany in these respects. Not only do they fur- nish inexhaustible material for the exercise of memory, but by the presentation of facts in their natural relations, they exercise it in its highest and most perfect form.11 * * "They open to us the broadest view of the relations and harmonies of organic nature, and are best fitted to discipline the mind in dealing with large co-ordinations, and the comprehensive arrangement of objects of thought, whether in the arts, the professions, business or science.' I have quoted freely the words of eminent men, hoping there- by to encourage young botanists to hold bravely to their prefer- ences, who might have treated any argument advanced by myself as not worthy of consideration. — Emesby. American Grape Mildew in Europe.— The fact that our common grape mildew, Peronospora viticola B. & C. grows luxu- riantly on cultivated varieties of Vitis vinifera in this country was noticed in the Bulletin of the Bussey Institution of March, 1876, and although owing to the dryness and short duration of our sum- mers it was there stated that no great harm need be anticipated to the grape crop in the northeastern States, it was suggested that the case might be very different should the fungus be introduced into the vineyards of Central and Southern Europe, where the cli- matic conditions are very different from ours. In 1877 Dr. Cornu called attention, in the Comptes Rendus, to the danger of the in- troduction of the Peronospora into France by the importation of American vines; and, as is well known, his fears were soon realized. In 1878 the mildew was detected by Planchon in the southwest of France, and in the following year by Therry in the vicinity of Lyons, by Pirotta in Northern Italy, and in Switzerland. Since then the spread of the disease has been rapid and it has attacked the vineyards in the greater part of France and Italy and has ex- tended as far eastward as Hungary and as far southward as Algiers. As was natural, great alarm was excited by the appearance of the fungus in wine growing districts, and the agricultural journals of France and Italy especially have contained numerous articles on the disastrous effect of the mildew and the means of prevention. With reference to the injurious effect on the wine crop opinions vary considerably; some maintaining that the Peronospora is even more harmful to the vine than the Phylloxera, while others declare that the injury done is not great. Official investigations have been undertaken in Italy and France for the purpose of ascertaining the best way of combatting the disease. The latest contribution on the subject is the Report of Prof. Prillieux in the Journal Official, Jan. 9th, 1882, who was appointed to study the mildew and its development in the vineyards of France BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 31 and Algiers. After giving an account of the morbid appearances produced in the vines and a sketch of the development of the Per- onospora and its mode of propagation, he states that the evil effects of the Peronospora are much greater in Algiers than in France. In the former country the fungus makes its appearance in May, causes the leaves to wither, and exposes the young grapes to the burning sun. The activity of the disease disappears in July. In the region of Bordeaux the mildew also appears early in the season and some- times with such virulence that the conidial tufts appear not only on the leaves and young stems but also on the flowers and young berries, on which parts, as far as I know, the fungus has never been observed in this country. Prof. Prillieux, however, does not tHink that the harm done by "the Peronospora is very great to the wine crop, for the danger is not so much from injury to the grapes as from injury to the nutrition of the vines by the premature fall of the leaves. Admitting that in exceptionally moist years serious trouble might arise, he thinks that in ordinary years the dry weather of midsummer would prevent marked injury from the growth of the Peronospora. The use of lime having been proposed by Prof. Garovaglio, of Pavia, as a remedy, M. Prillieux experimented with powdered lime sprinkled on the leaves, but he found no beneficial effects. Even when the spots on the leaves where the Peronospora appeared were cauterized new conidial tufts appeared on the margin of the spots. Experiments with antiseptic fluids sprinkled on the leaves were without satisfactory results. As a practical measure it is advised to burn the leaves affected, because the oospores contained in them carry the disease over to the next season. Oospores have been found by Millardet and Prillieux in grape leaves in France, and the latter thinks that they occur abundantly. It is not improbable that they are abundant in this country, but owing to the density and hairiness of the leaves of most of the varieties of grape culti- vated in this country it is almost impossible to detect their presence with the naked eye or a hand lens, and, as far as my own experience goes, examinations with the compound microscope show oospores only in a comparatively small number of leaves. A continued observ- ation of the disease as it occurs in New England has failed to con- vince me that any perceptible injury is done to the vines in that region where the short and unusually dry summers are unfavorable to the full development of the Peronospora. Dr. Engelmann, however, states that the fungus produces injury in some of the Western States. In Algiers, where the conditions are very different from those of New England and favor the appearance of the fungus early in the sea- son, the disease, as might be expected, is most disastrous.— W. G. Faklow. Chrysogonum Virginianum, var. dentatum— I wish to direct the attention of botanists in the lower Middle and Southern States 32 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. to ;x striking variety of our Chrysogonum, which grows apparently intermixed with the ordinary form. The low and subcauleseent forms of the two appear to he nearly alike. But in the well devel- oped and taller forms, rising to a foot in height, the difference is that this var. dentatum has the leaves strongly serrate (instead, of crenate), all the upper ovate and acute, the base not cordate, the teeth callous-mucronate, and a very pronounced callous mucro makes a conspicuous point to the involucral bracts. It is found on High Island in the Potomac, Maryland, and was first received from Mr. J. Donnell Smith, who collected it in June, 1881. Specimens from the same locality collected in May and June, 1879 and 1880, by Mr. L. F. Ward and Dr. Vase}', communicated by them, exhibit these characteristics in a less degree, and show that we have to do with only a marked variety. — A. Gray. Some New Grasses.— Poa pulchella.— Culms eespitose, de- cumbent at the base, from a much branched rhizome, the base crowded with the short almost filiform leaves which are seldom more than 1 inch long, with somewhat broadened and thickened bases; culms slender, smooth, erect, 4 to 6 inches high, with 1 to 2 short leaves, the blade i inch long or less, ligule 1 line long, mem- branaceous, obtuse; panicle 1 to li inches long, 1 inch wide, erect, the lower branches in pairs, spreading, smooth, capillary, each with a single spikelet; spikelets purplish, 3 to 4 lines long, large for the size of the plant, 3 to 5 flowered ; lower glumes about 1 line long, 3 nerved, smooth, mostly obtuse or somewhat erosely dentate, broadly scarious margined; flowering glumes about 2 lines long, 3 nerved, lanceolate, the upper ones a little acutish, the lower obtuse with scarious apex, finely scabrous on the keel and nerves, but not pubescent nor webbed at the base; lower palet about equaling the fl. glume strongly bidentate, and scabrous on the conspicuous nerves. A handsome dwarf Poa, related to P. laxa but distinct, found by Mr. W. N. Suksdorf, on the Columbia river, from near the river bank to the summit of the hills (2,000 ft.). Poa Bolanderi. — Culms 1 to li ft. high, erect or somewhat geniculate below, with 3-4 conspicuous rather short and broad leaves (2 to 3 inches by 2 lines); sheaths striate, smooth, loose, lig- ule membanaceous, obtuse; panicle 4 to 6 inches long, the rays 1£ to 2 in., distant, mostly in pairs, frequently with 2 to 3 additional short ones, at first erect and appressed, becoming horizontal or reflexed, the longer ones 2-3 inches long, slender, mostty flowering near the extremities, the bran chiefs appressed and short pedicelled ; rachis and rays smooth, spikelets 1 to 3 flowered, often only 1 flowered; outer glumes thin, green, scarious margined, the upper about 1 line long, lance-oblong, 3 nerved, frequently lacerate at the apex, the lower about one-third shorter and acuter; flowering glumes \\ lines long, rather faintly 5 nerved, lanceolate, acute BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 33 (sometimes strongly so), smooth or minutely scabrous with a thin webby tuft at the base; palet ± shorter than its glume, narrow, smooth. . .11 This is No. 6115 of Bolander s distribution, and recently col- lected by Prof. M. E. Jones, at Soda Springs, Cal. It is closely re- lated to Poa arctica, which was also collected at the same place by Mr. Jones. ,.,,/. • ^^ ^ Stipa Parishii.— Culms 1 to W ft. high, leafy especially be- low; leaves conduplicate or involute, smooth, rigid and divergent lower ones 6 inches, upper ones about 3 inches long, throat of sheath fringed with a few soft white hairs, ligule very short, upper sheath long* somewhat inflated and enclosing the base of the pan- icle; panicle about 6 inches long, open and somewhat spreading except at the included base, lower branches in threes, upper in pairs or single, rather few flowered at the ends of the branches and tiranchlets, longest rays about 2 inches; outer glumes hnear- lanceolate, acute. 3 nerved, smooth, the lower one 6 to 7 lines long, the upper 5 to 6 lines, nearly twice as long as the flowering glume, which with the short stipe is 3 to 1 lines long, densely clothed with silky hairs which are longer toward the apex, bidentate, the teeth less than a line long; awn 9 lines long, smooth below, sca- brous above. , _ „ _ _ . , „ Collected in the San Bernardino Mts., by Mr. S. B. Parish, for whom it is named. — Or. Vasky. Notes on California Plants— Balsamorhiza sagittate, Nutt. o-rows on the west side of the Sierras at Summit, along with IVi/etJtia mollis. Dr. Gray did well to take it for granted (without proof) that Collomm tinctoria, Kellogg, was a var. of C. linearis. I have a form intermediate between the two, showing that they are not distinct as suggested in the Flora of California. The flowers of Eriogonum Lobbii are sometimes ochroleucous, as well as white. Polygonum Muhlenbergii grows at Santa Cruz. The leaves of Spiranthes Romanzbffiana are net-vemed. Allium platycaule has linear-oblong reticulations. They are not absent. , . , The heads of Hieracium albiflorum are olten slightly glandu- lar in my Santa Cruz specimens, and in my Soda Springs specimens they are quite glandular even to the peduncles. The pubescence of the heads, in at least some species of Hieracium and Crepis, is a verv shaky character. n , * Tt is a mistake to say that the leaves of the Eucalyptus oi Cal- ifornia "turn edgewise to the sun" and so give little shade lne young leaves are pendent and so vertical of course, but they do not show a sensitiveness bv which the petiole is twisted to keep them 34 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. edgewise to the sun. The older leaves, however, are not even pen- dent and hold no particular position to the sun, and the trees give a great deal of shade though not as much as the broader leaved de- ciduous trees that have also a dense foliage. Helianthemum scoparium is an almost shrubby perennial. Arabis platysperma, in robust specimens has auricled leaves: the pubescence is more branched than "stellate." Arenaria Douglasii has concentrically striate seeds, and they are often hairy at the hilum. Hosackia subpinnata undoubtedly shows a transition to H. Purshiana. I have what I suppose must pass for Oxythrca dendroidea, from Nevada. My specimens have all but the lowest bracts in twos: leaves hirsute, linear-oblanceolate; awns 1^ to 3 times the length of the involucre; flowers hirsute; pedicel and involucre glabrous, all the rest of the plant with stalked glands and some stellate hairs. Menyanthes trifoliata grows in patches acres in extent in the Sierras and at Park City, Utah. Juniperus occidentalis. 1 found a peculiar form of this with seed protruding from the berry like an acorn in the cup. Dr. En- gelmann informs me that this sometimes occurs. I had never seen it in any Juniperus before. The leaves also have a large pel- lucid spot in the center. The corolla of Trifolium barbigerum is very beautiful under a microscope magnifying about 30 diameters; it is covered with a white or purple net-work with circular meshes. The same is true of T. cyathiferum though in a less marked degree. The seeds of Hoxiivkiii strigosa appears to the eye to be almost square with a notch on one side. They are, at least in my num- erous specimens, a sure index to the species. Hosackia maritima is often perfectly smooth, leaflets *>-". stems 2° long, prostrate. HosacKa Torreyi has the standard beautifully veined with purple. Trifolium microcephalum has the lobes of the involucre often two-toothed. My specimens of Trifolium microdon are very smooth except the pedicels. Con/us Californica has very interesting branched hairs. The pubescence of Platanus racemom called "tomeutum" in But. Cat. is made up of very long hairs, branched in whorls or singly and jointed, densely matted, with straight, simple, rather flat hairs on the very young stems. The pubescence is more beautiful than that of Alter- nanthera lanuginosa. I have Hosackia oblongi folia from Santa Cruz, which verifies Mr. Coulter's locality, upon which doubt is thrown in Hot. Cal. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 35 Dr. Engelmann's note on Eschscholtzia Californica, in the Gazette, reminds me of the broad patches of this plant growing at Santa Cruz on chalky hills. I have seen a mat three feet in di- ameter growing from one thick root, with plenty of remains of former flowering stems still attached to the plant, showing that it is a perennial as Dr. E. suggests. It is strikingly different from the annual form in Southern Utah, hut I doubt its claim to distinctness because of being a perennial. The base of the petiole of leaves of Ivesia Kingii are strik- ingly hairy, but the hairs are concealed by the decaying remains of the outer leaves. The pubescence is as remarkable as that of Lygodesmia spinosa. — Makcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City. Notes from a Laboratory.— It is not unwelcome to teachers who have little spare time to know j ust what plant to give to a stu- dent of Vegetable Histology with the certainty that the particu- lar tissue under consideration will be found in such form as to ren- der it desirable for examination. With the object, therefore, of recommending a few common green-house plants, in which illustra- tive examples of the prominent tissues can be found, the following notes, from the work of the Sophomore class of Purdue University, are presented. Most of this work passed under my personal obser- vation. Of course every one will (if he be not too forgetful) have a good stock of pumpkin or squash stem to illustrate the dicotyledon- ous stem, and next spring all of us, by Dr. Bessey's recommenda- tion, will lay in a supply of asparagus for the monocotyledonous one. Other' plants are frequently wanted however, and the follow- ing to be had from almost any green house or window-garden, will be found useful: Geranium (sp?)* exhibits an abundance of fine compound crystals in a transverse section of the leaf and a few in petiole and stem. Its starch grains are large and abundant (the plant was just well started from a slip) and the layers of cork-cells are num- erous and regular. Age nit urn Mexicanum (Blue Ageratum). Collenchyma well shown. Primula Sinensis (Primrose) has particularly fine trichomes. The presence of chlorophyll bodies in the epidermis is also a marked feature. Neriwm roseum (Oleander) is peculiar on account of the ar- rangement of the stomata in groups at the bottom of hairy pits m the under surface of the leaf. *The specific names, when any are given, cannot be vouched for. They are as given me by our florist. All of the plants can be identified either by the common or generic names. j6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Cuphea _ platycentra (Cigar or Match Plant) shows splendid glandular trichomes. Coleus harlequin shows collenchyma nicely. Tradescanlia, sp? (Wad&ering Jew) has remarkably regular epidermis on the upper surface of the leaves. In horizontal section it appears made up of almost exactly hexagonal cells. Very long- slender trichomes at the nodes. Pilea pilosa (Artillery plant) was one of the most interesting plants examined. The motion of the protoplasm carrying chlo- rophyll grains can be easily seen in the parenchyma of the primary cortex. Cystoliths, as in its wild congener, P. pumila are of ex- traordinary size and number, thirteen being counted in a cross-sec- tion of a small branch. They are everywhere, leaves and stems being full of them! The epidermal cells' of the leaves are also ex- tremely large. Begonia semperflorens will compare favorably with the pump- kin for a "general purpose'" plant. The epidermis is composed of large cells; the collenchyma is beautifully regular; the tracheary tissue is represented by spiral, angular, annular, scalariform and pitted vessels, many of the latter exhibiting the "crossed" pits; the lenticils show a peculiar development of cork; the starch grains are large and both simple and compound crystals are present (Vide Bot. Gaz. VII, 12). Finally the stomata occur in groups of 6-14 and show plainly the successive segmentation of the original epi- dermal cells to form the mother-ceil of the stoma. There is but one objection to the Begonia for general labora- tory use and that can be easily overcome. It must be grown es- pecially for the purpose, while any corn-field almost will furnish the standard pumpkin. The ease and rapidity with which it can be grown from cuttings will almost invalidate tiiis objection, and this species seems to be more compact and easily handled than any other. The Begonia has several points of superiority over the < 'ucurbitacew, chiefly in the structure of the fibro-vascular bundle, which is much simpler and easier of comprehension by the average student. Trichomes (except on the root) are absent from this species. This plant in connection with those already in wide use, will be found of very considerable value in laboratory work. — Chas. K. Batotes. LaFayette, Tnd. A Large Red-bud. — I found growing on the hill-side near my house a specimen of the LJed-bud. Cercis Canadensis, which was about 14 inches in diameter at a point 10 inches above the ground. The trunk was well-formed throughout and free from from swell- ings or knots. — 0. M. Meyncke, Brookvitte. Ind. Botanical Paper. E. MORRISON Paper Warehouse, No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs., .at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, standard size and weight, 65 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire. Drying paper always kept on hand. The undersigned will sell to Botanists sets of about 300 species from. Eastern Oregon. For list and terms address WM. C. CUSICK, Union, Oregon. FROM THE Cascade Mountains. The subscriber has sets of 300 species of plants of Washington Territory, collected in the Cascade Mountains. Several are new species, some of which have not yet been published. Over 70 per cent, arc represent- ed by both fruit and flowers. The rates will be $8.00 Per Hundred. Sets will be sent by mail, and lists will be written for inquiring pai'ties. VV . N. SUKSDORF, White Salmon, Klickitat Co., Washington Territory. laie Western Floats. My son, Mr. Geo. R. Vasey, has made dur- ing the past season a valuable collection of plants in S. E California, Arizona and New Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The collection consists of the very interesting plants of that region, many of them exceed- ingly rare, and in first class condition. There are] over 600 species, and the whole set is offered for fifty dollars. Nearly all the Ferns of that region are included, and a few sets of these will be sold separately A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or individuals. GEO. VASEY, Dep'tof Agriculture, VV ashington,D. C. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned: Am. Agriculturist ($1.00 a year) $2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1 80 Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) 3 60 Torrey Bulletin ($l.f0 a year) 1 85 Leisure Hour 1 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists, have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy season's exploration of S. Arizona and have added a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium. They solicit early orders from their old customers and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num- oer)including all the new ones,at 10 cts. each. New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. Agave Shottii, @ 50 each. Mammilaria pecti- «ato@50each. Lilium Parryi® 50 cents. A smail quantity of seeds of the new and beau- tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and for sale. The tree is sure to become very pop- ular asit will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with quadangular branchlets. A few seeds of the Finns Ariz- onica and P. Chihuahaua, &e. Address, J. G. LEMMON, OAKLAN D CA1 Arizona Plants. The undersigned has made very large collections of plants in Arizona and adjoining regions, and will dispose of them at very low rates. He will also exchange Specimens for standard Medical and Surgical works, either new or second hand. For lists and terms appty to HENRY H, RUSBY, Frauklin, N. J. M^In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette. English Plants. An English botanist desires to dispose of his collection of Phamogams which com- prises over 1,000 (mostly British species) specimens mounted. Price 10£ 10 shillings, delivered in N. Y. For particulars address . J. A. SANFORD, 289 Summit St., Toledo, Ohio. Important to Botanists. Wishing to close out my stock of check-lists of North American Polypctate and Gamopetalre after Composite, (which are very useful for herbarium lists and exchanges} I will fill all orders received before May 1st as follows: 1 copy of each list, 30 cents; 5 copies of each, $1. Stamps as good as money. II. N. PATTERSON, ma- Oquawka, 111. TO BOTANISTS. We take pleasure in announcing- as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof. Ed- ward Tnckerman of Amherst College. The title is as follows: "A Synopsis OF THE North American Lichens, Vol. 1. comprising the Parueliacei, Cladoniei and Ccenogoniei." The book isSvo. in size, and contains nearly 300 pages. The work is not stereotyped and an extremely limited edition has been printed. The price lias been fixed at ;);:}. 50, but orders received before March 1st will be filled 10 per cent. less. Orders should be sent direct to us as no discount will be allowed to "the trade" on tins bonk. Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to $5.00 after a certain number of copies have been sold. g. k. GASSING, Publisher, manu 32 Ilawley Street, Boston. April, 1882. Vol. VII, No. 4. , ^$£1 BOTiif. The (* club. Botanical Gazette. A PAPER OF 0 Botanical Notes. TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 1 0 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1 .00 CONTENTS <<* Page. Editorial 37 The White Pine. W. H. Ballon 38 Ueber die weiblichen Bluethen der Coniferoen. G L. Goodale 39 Githopsis. A. Gray 40 Notes on Ambrosia trifida. Aug. F. Foersle 40 Depauperate Rndbeckia 41 Proterandry in Amaryllis regina?. J. Troop. 42 Grape Mildew. W. G. Farlow 4a Page. Notes from Mississippi Pine Barrens. M. B. Flint 43 New Species of Fungi. C. H. Peck... 43 Plucheas. A.Gray 45 Relation of Leaves to Light, Francis Darwin. A. Gray 45 Ranunculus. A. Gray 47 Botanizing on Comanehe's Peak, Tex- as. J. Beverchon 47 North American Grasses,Bentham. G. Vasey 48 JOHN M. COULTER, CrawfordsvMe, Ind., M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind., Editors and Publishers. CRAWFORDSVILLE, IND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1882; THE A MONTHLY PAPER OP BOTANICAL NOTES. ADVERTISING RATES. 1 time. 6 times. 12 times. %Col $ 1 00 4 50 6 75 KCol $ 2 00 9 00 13 50 ^Col $ 4 00 18 00 27 00 ICol $ 8 00 36 00 54 00 lPage $16 00 72 00 108 00 fi@pn> Advertisements less than % of a col- umn inserted at 20 cents per line, counting eight words a line. We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaching the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt atten- tion. . M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. Terms. — Subscription, $1 per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, 10 cents. The paper will be invariably stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind, The Gazette for 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are_ anx- ious to receive from all any notes that are worthy of record and any inform a tion of general interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of plants, or botanical books and instru- ments, the Gazette cannot be excel 1 ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor with botanical friends, not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country Sample copies will be mailed upon application. J.M.CO ULTER , Crawfordsville, Ind. CLITI * Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. APRIL, 1882. No. 4. Editorial. — Mk. E. L. Greene describes six new species of Composite in the Torrey Bulletin for February. Half of them be- long to the genus Hemizonia. New stations are being found for Asplenium ebenoides, but not much definite information is gained with reference to the origin of this suspicious species. Whether it is a hybrid between Camp- tosorus and A. ebeneum or not still remains to be decided, though the burden of testimony all seems to be in favor of that idea. Mr. John H. Redfield calls attention to the fact that Dr. Gray, in his Synoptical Flora of N. Am., says that Plantago elon- gata, Pursh, of "Bradbury's collection on the Missouri, is unknown, probably a glabrate form of P. Palagonica." Pursh's specimen ticketed (probably from Lambert) P. elongata, and noted as from Bradbury, has recently been found in the herbarium of the Phila- delphia Academy and proves to be unmistakably P. pus ilia, Nutt. Our plant collectors have been unusually active during the past season, and the result is appearing in the unusual number of desirable plants for sale. Handsome catalogues have been received from the Parish Bros., San Bernardino, Calif, Wm. C. Cusick, Union, Oregon, and Prof. Marcus E. Jones, of Salt Lake City. Add to these Mr. Geo. R. Yasey, Mr. C. G. Pringle, Mr, J. G. Leni- mon, Mr. W. N. Suksdorf, and Mr. H. H. Rusby, and it looks as though a botanist can obtain almost any western plants he desires. Prof., J. C. Arthur has issued a fourth " Contribution to the Flora of Iowa." The Flora of this state bids fair to be thoroughlv known, for it contains as fine a corps of active collectors as any state can boast. In the present paper the plants to be credited to the state, and not found in Gray s Manual, are Artemisia serrata, Nutt., Senecio lugens, var. Hooker!, Eaton, Plantago Rugelii, De- caisne, Gerardia tenuifolia, var. macrophylla, Benth., Cuscuta Gronocii,vax. latiflora, Engelm., Polygonum Muhlenbergii, Watson, Aristida pupurea, Nutt. Thomas P. James. — It is with m-eat regret that the Gazette is called upon to record the death of this eminent botanist. He died in Cambridge, Mass., February 22, in his 79th year. Most of his 38 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. life was spent in Philadelphia in mercantile pursuits. From his youth he devoted his leisure to the study of Cryptogamia and at the time of his death was recognized by the best authorities as one of the two leaders in the scientific world in the knowledge of mosses and lichens. Retiring from business in 1869 and desiring to devote himself to scientific pursuits, he removed to Cambridge. In Phila- delphia he was an officer of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. He had been treasurer of the American Pomological Society since its origin until a year since, when he resigned that position. He was for a considerable time the chairman of the committee of pub- lication of the American Philosophical Society, and was connected with other important societies. At the time of his death he was engaged in the preparation of a Manual of North American Mosses, in connection with Mr. Leo Lesquereux, to which he was bringing the experience of forty years' study. Quoting the words from the private letter of a friend; uThe study of plants, I believe, is con- ducive to longevity, but cannot confer immortality. We can only gather whilst the summer lasts and winter must come at last 'to shake all our buds from blowinor.1 " ■■»• - The White Pine.— Mr. W. H. Ballou, of Evanston, read a paper before the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, at Cincinnati, in which occurs the following passage with ref- erence to the origin of the White Pine in Michigan: The first thought suggested is relative to the origin of the white pine forests. From whence came the species which so strictly confines itself to its own peculiar territory? The oak and most other trees are naturally reproductive, and young trees are equally prolific in their growth on the same soil where the first forest was leveled to the ground. They may be transplanted on almost any territory, and without any special care, speedily growing up to a state of usefulness to man. Not so with the white pine. It is now an almost undisputed fact that it will not reproduce on the parent soil, and that when transplanted elsewhere, its development is mark- ed with early decay in so many instances as to disparage the work. Furthermore, it is beset at once with the same host of natural ene- mies common to it on indigenous ground. For some years past my attention has been directed to some facts which may have bearing on the question under consideration. The pine of the level country east of the Rocky Mountains seems to have its best growth in proximity to the lake region. I have noticed that frequently, where a lake recedes,leaving a sandy beach, evergreens, the juniper, pines,etc, are very apt to spring up. With- in the memory of man, a wide sand beach near Waukegan has been made, and on this area a miniature white pine forest has appeared, and thrives. On some lone islands in Lake Erie, of evident recent formation, called the East Sister, the Old Hen, etc., I observed sev- er il years since that a similar phenomenon had occurred. These BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 39 and other facts point to a recent origin of the pine forests under consideration, which might not have been in existence at the time of the landing of Columbus. This fact is more apparent when it is stated in this connection that the average age of the pine is less than three hundred years in this country; and the other fact is reit- erated that it does not reproduce on the same soil. The present pine forests, then, doubtless took the place of some other species, which had exhausted the soil necessary to their existence, a phe- nomenon well known to naturalists. It matters not whether the seeds were blown there by the winds, or lay dormant in the soil until their turn, or, indeed, what the speculation concerning them is, so long as the facts are inaccessible; certain it is the origin of the pine forests in Michigan is a matter of several centuries ago. Ueber die weiblichen Bluethen der Coniferen, von A. W. Eichler, Berlin, 1881 (a pamphlet of 32 octavo pages, and a double plate). — In this interesting paper Professor Eichler frankly avows that his views respecting the female flowers of Coniferae have un- dergone some important changes since the publication of his Blue- thendiagrainme. The views now held are, as he states, essentially those found in Sachs1 Lehrbuch, but he adduces copious illustrations in support of them, and adds a succinct history of the controversy regarding gymnospermy. Since the time of Robert Brown most botanists have held that the ovules of Coniferae are naked, while a few have considered them as ovaries with single ovules. The main point, however, in the late discussions has been with respect to the nature of the bodies, often scale-like, from which in most cases the ovular structures arise. Notwithstanding their flatness, the scales have been looked upon by some as axial in their character; by oth- ers as leaves and hence carpellary. From the short extract which is translated below it will be seen that the author does not regard it as impossible to harmonize the conflicting views, at least in part. " In all Coniferae, the scales of the so-called female anient represent nothing but simple leaves; the inner scales,where they are met with, being ventral outgrowths therefrom. The ovules take their origin eith- er on the inner surface of these leaves or in their axils (in Taxus and Torreija only, they appear at the apex of a special bracted axis. In these two genera the ovules are to be regarded as female flowers ; in all the other genera the ament represents collectively the individ- ual female flowers, the leaves being open carpels.). At first sight there appear to be important morphological differences which, in a family so conspicuously natural as Coniferae, we should not expect to find. Thus in one case the ovule seems to be an appendage of the leaf, in another, axillary and therefore seemingly an axillary shoot, and, thirdlv, a body at the er^d of a leafy axis. But these differ- ences are not so great as they appear. The ovule has the character of a macrosporangium, and "may perhaps rightly bear this name, as many have proposed. Therefore, what we see realized 111 a macro- 40 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. sporangium (or in a sporangium in general) ought not to surprise us in the case of an ovule. Now it is certain that in Isoetes, the sporangia stand on leaves, in Selaginella and Lycopodium in the axil of the leaf, in Psilotum and Tmesipteris (as Gobel has lately pointed out) at the apex of a leafy axis. All these genera belong to the same circle of relationship, and also to the very one from which the Coniferae have descended. The variations therefore serve to strengthen rather than to weaken our position. To be sure, we must give up the notion that the ovule represents either a leaf-seg- ment or a bud, or has been derived from a metamorphosis of one of these two structures; it is the macrosporangium inherited by the phanerogams from the higher cryptogams, but more or less trans- formed and taking on, like that, a structure sui generis. It can be compared to an outgrowth ("emersion11),but it must not be regarded as the exclusive privilege of leaves, or as exclusively axial. The ovule may take its origin like other outgrowths from one organ, or another, or at the limits of the two (that is, in the axil of a leaf). This is plainly so in Coniferas, as we have seen, and is the case in Angiosperms beyond a doubt." A minor question is incidentally discussed in the paper and again treated of in a subsequent pamphlet by the same author (Ueber Bildungsabweichungen bei Fichtenza- pfen, Berlin, 1882). Monstrosities in the scales of fir cones had been adduced by some writers as evidence that the seed-scales are not simple but compound structures. A re-examination of the specimen used in support of this theorj^ and a study of other new examples have served to convince Professor Eichler that the car- pillary "scale is a simple organ, but that by the appearance of a bud on the posterior aspect, it may undergo all kinds of deviations, and even split into two or more often three leaf-like lobes.11 — G. L. Goodale. GitllODSis. — Baillon in Bull. Soc. Linn., Paris, no. 38, p. 304, states that besides wild specimens of G. specularioides, the herbar- ium of the Museum at Paris has specimens raised from Texan seeds in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, which show that the capsule dehisces by triangular "panneaux" below the calyx; where- fore the genus subsides into Specidaria. Now GitJtojJsis is unknown in or near Texas, and has never been raised in the Cambridge Gar- den. Specidaria Lindhe/'meri is Texan and has been cultivated here. It appears that Baillon has taken this for Gdhopsis. — A. Gray. Notes on Ambrosia trifida. — Last year I made quite exten- sive researches as to the facilities presented by weeds for the dissem- ination 'of seeds, hoping thereby to gain a true insight into their nature. The results show that an explanation is not to be sought here, but in their tenacity of life when injured, their power of "de- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 41 veloping branches in the lower axils of leaves, from roots, &c. In deed, many weeds are almost destitute of arrangements for the dis- tribution of seeds. One of these is the common ragweed, Ambro- sia trifida. In this I noted an occurrence, properly belonging to the study of Natural Philosophy, but which may interest even the botanist. The akenes of this plant have a stout central process, i the length of the seed, surrounded at the base by five slight protu- berances. On a clear morning, when the fields are covered with hoar-frost, go out into the fields in which this plant grew last sum- mer. Wherever there is a seed exposed you find 5 or 6 strands of ice attached to these processes, sometimes separate but oftener in contact with one another, resembling asbestos in the arrangement of the "fibers" of ice. These, after making various contortions, re- sembling locks of hair, reach a length of 11 to 3 inches. During winter season the akenes are mostly half-buried by the earthy mat- ter around them, but in the fall they lie loose on the ground. Now for our application to botany. The seeds being quite heavy gener- ally are carried but a short distance from the stem; but when at- tached to these strands of ice, they are carried away by the winds, rolling over the ground; or the feet of animals in striking the ice — which always rises above the ground, often nearly perpendicular — propel the seed with the ice; and most frequently of all, becoming by this means attached to leaves, light twigs, &c, they are carried by these for short distances, which during the entire winter season, may amount to a considerable distance, for a plant presenting no other facilities. Why do not other seeds, as well as our common ragweed, have these curls of ice? Or have they been noticed elsewhere? No doubt this plant offers peculiar facilities in this direction. The seeds present an extraordinary amount of surface by means of these processes, radiation of heat being more advanced here, they offer the first attachment for the dew, which precipitated on the seeds, forms the curls of ice, while at the same time the processes give direction to the strands thus formed, and instead of an irregular mass of ice we have "ice-curls.1— Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, Ohio. Depauperate Rudbeckia — An interesting instance of the change which may be effected in the habit and growth of a plant, came to my notice last fall. One day while out walking, I came across a specimen of Rudbeckia hirta, L., which was to me a curi- osity. The leaves were all radical, and the solitary flower was on a veritable scape, leafless and bractless. The leaves and flower were of the typical R. hirta, but instead of the plant being tall and branched as it is usually, it was only two inches high. The next week my brother found another specimen of the same description. This latter was a little taller, being about six inches high to the top of the scape, but all the leaves were radical and the scape was leaflless. This is an interesting instance of the way in which a 42 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. long period of hot and dry weather can reduce a tall branching plant, to alow branchless one, and may show under what influences plants may acquire the leafless scapes and radical leaves which are characteristic of so many species. — Jos. F. James, Cincinnati, Ohio. Proterandry in Amaryllis reginse. — The species here named is now occasionally cultivated from South America as a house plant, for which purpose it possesses many desirable charac- teristics. The large crimson-red, nodding flowers exhibit proteran- dry in a manner easily observed. The stamens are in two sets of three each, the outer being somewhat shorter than the inner. They are all nearly straight at first but soon begin to curve upward. The anthers are versatile, and when first appearing are f of an inch in length. From six to ten hours after the flower opens the dehiscence of the anthers takes place by a gradual splitting open on each side, the valves rolling up so as to hide their external sur- face completely from view; or in other words the anther is turned inside out. At the same time the valves become fluted like a ruffle thereby shortening the anther so that when the dehiscence is com- plete the anther is only about 3-16 of an inch long. The dehis- cence takes place in the short stamens about four or five hours be- fore it does in the long ones. The pollen is very abundant, forming nearly one-half the bulk of the anther. The styles of the three- celled ovary are united into one, with a three-lobed stigma. During the dehiscence of the anthers the stigma remains closed, and is turned downward away from the anthers, thus preventing any pol- len from coming in contact with it. After about twenty -four hours the style curves upwards, and the lobes of the stigma turn back, or open, and are ready to receive the pollen. This, however, must now come from a fresh anther of another flower. From the structure of the flower, and the character of the pollen it is well nigh impossible that the latter could be brought to the stigma by the wind. No doubt, therefore, this Amaryllis in its native region is wholly dependent for its fertilization upon some insect, probably some moth with a long proboscis. To this end a liberal supply of nectar is secreted at the bottom of the perianth. — J. Tkoop, Botan- ical Laboratory, Ithaca, N. Y. Grape Mildew. — In the Gazette for March I stated that the conidia of Peronospora viticola were not known to occur on the flowers and young berries of the grape in this country. The remark is untrue as far as the Western States is concerned, for in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science of Sept. 16, 1861, Dr. Engelmann mentions that in Missouri the fungus appears in June, and on the pedicels and young berries when they are of the size of small peas or smaller, although he had never seen it on full grown berries. The early occurrence of the fungus in Missouri BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 43 would accordingly account for the fact that the vines suffer more from the fungus in the Western than in the Eastern States. — W. G. Farlow. Notes from the Mississippi Pine Barrens.— The winter has brought little cessation in vegetable activit}'. With the late blooming fall flowers, Asters, (especially A. squarrosus and A. ad- natus), Ascyrums and Lobelia glandulosa, would open now and then, a belated Cape Jasmine, and a second bloom of several spring flowering plants. Pear trees and apricots bloomed throughout No- vember; Gelsemium sempervireris on Nov. 22nd, and Crataegus Py- racantha during the first week of December. Stellaria media has been in continuous bloom. The thirty rainy days in the month of January gave no opportunity for rambles in the Pine Woods, but Arabis Ludoriciana appeared January 7th, and Houstonia minima on the 10th. The gardens were fragrant with English violets, Hy- acinths and Narcissi, N. Polyanthus opening first on Christmas day. In JV. Tazetta, the polymorphism of the perianth is very frequent, occurring with but three, or sometimes four divisions in the same umbel with the normal flowers. The number of stamens is also reduced to correspond with the perianth. From day to day an adventurous rose would open. The dainty Bosa Banksiae first appeared, January 19th. Magnolia purpurea and Pyrus Japoniea were in bloom February 2nd, when the bellow Jessamine was again opening in sheltered spots. On February 4th the ground, in moist places, was starred with Ranunculus fascicularis ; the dark-eyed, purple Houstonia was everywhere abundant;' Viola p'rimulaefolia. Primus Caroliniana, Vaeciniuni tenellum and Allium striatum, were blooming, and over the Barrens many mosses were beautifully in fruit. — Martha B. Flint, Brookhaven, Miss. New Species of Fungi ; by Chas. H. Peck. — Cantharellus Morgani. — Pileus thin, plane .or centrally depressed,] and subin- f undibuliform, glabrous, red, the margin involute ; lamellse narrow, decurrent, dichotomously branched, whitish; stem /equal or slightly enlarged above, solid, paler than the pileus ; spores minute,subellip- tical, .00016— .0002 of an inch long. ' ' V ! " i I Plant 8-12 lines high, pileus 6-10 lines broad, stems 1-2 lines thick. ., '.n „ •'•■ ! 1 Under coniferous trees. Vermont. '';A-yP. Morgan. This is a small species resemMwg'C.Gu'yanensis Mont., which, according to the description, differs in' its thick coriaceous reddish- orange pileus, yellow hymeniuni and thick corneous fistulose stem. The pileus in our plant has a Ught-red or pinkish-red color, and I do not detect any peppery taste to the flesh. Polyporus fraxinophilus.— Pileus sessile, thick, corky, more or less ungulater.somewhat clecurrent, concentrically sulcate, rimose 44 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. when old, the first year whitish, then gray or cinereous, finally black, the margin obtuse, the substance obscurely zoned within, at first whitish, then isabelline; pores medium size, stratose, nearly plane, subrotund, the dissepiments obtuse, entire, whitish; spores white, broadly elliptical, .0003-00035 of an inch long, .00025-0003 broad. Pileus 2-4 inches long, 1-2 inches broad. Dead or languishing trunks of ash trees. Dakota. C. W. Irish. Arizona. C. G. Pringle. This Polyporus belongs to the Fomentarii. It varies consid- erably in shape, some specimens being almost as much flattened as the thicker forms of P. applamtus, others being as thick as the or- dinary forms of P. f omenta rats. Specimens three or more years old are somewhat tri-colored, the oldest part being black and full of chinks or cracks, the margin whitish and the intermediate part gray or cinereous. The annual additions are separated by concen- tric grooves. In the Dakota specimen the annual additions are much broader than in the Arizona specimens, and the pileus is more flattened and thinner. The interior substance is at first whitish but it changes with age to a brownish-yellow or isabelline hue, thus forming a connecting link between the second and third sections of this tribe as given in the Epicrisis of Fries. Merulius rubellus. — Pilei mostly casspitose, imbricated, ses- ile, dimidiate, soft, somewhat tenacious, tomentose, deep-red when fresh, paler when dry, the margin usually undulate, inflexed; hy- menium whitish or cream-colored, the folds much branched, porous- anastomosing; spores -minute, elliptical, colorless, .00016-.0002 of an inch long, .0001-.00012 broad. Pileus 2-3 inches long, 1-2 inches broad; tufts sometimes six inches long. Decaying trunks of beech trees, Fagus ferruginea, in dense woods. Near Cincinnati, Ohio. December. A. P. Morgan. This is a beautiful species, similar to M. tremellosus in the size and thickness of the pileus, but very different in color. The fresh moist pileus is a deep red (Indian red) but in drying it fades to a pinkish-gray or to a grayish hue with a red margin. The texture is almost floccose-tomentose, with the upper part red, the lower white. According to the notes sent me by Prof. Morgan, it differs from the description of M. incarnatus in the pileus not being "coriaceo," the folds neither usubtremellosis,, nor " luteis roseisve, the mode of growth not "stellatim provenit11 and the habit not be- ing "ad cortices dejectos Quercus albw, faleatce" although fallen trunks of Quercus alba were more abundant in the locality where it was collected than were those of the beech. Puccinia Brandegei. — Spots none, sori amphigenous or cau- lincolous, often confluent, reddish-brown, distorting the stems and petioles; spores subelliptical, smooth, .0011-0014 of an inch long, .0008-001 broad; pedicels short. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 45 Living leaves and stems of Corydalis Brandegei. Colorado. T. S. Brandegee. Puccikia Boisduvalle. — Spots indefinite, yellowish, often tinged with red or brown; sori few, scattered, amphigenous, brown; spores obovate or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, slightly constricted at at the septum, smooth, .0014-.0016 of an inch long, .0008-00095 broad; pedicels short, colorless. Living leaves of Boisduvalia Torreyi. Santa Cruz, California. M. E. Jones. Ueomyces Jokesii. — Spots none; sori amphigenous, small, scattered, reddish-brown; spores subglobose to elliptical,verruculose, .0011-0014 of an inch long, .0009-0011 broad; pedicel short, col- orless. Living leaves of Ranunculus. Soda Springs, California. M. E. Jones. The roughly warted spores and scattered amphigenous sori are notable features in this species. Tkichobasis Wyethi^e — Spots none; sori dot-like, abundant, often occupying the whole lower surface of the leaf, reddish-brown; spores subglobose or broadlv elliptical, .0012-.0016 of an inch long. .0008-0012 broad. Living leaves of Wyethia angustifolia. Colorado. T. S. Brandegee. Tkichobasis Helianthell^. — Spots pale greenish; sori hy- pophyllous, numerous, generally most abundant along the midrib, reddish-brown; spores globose or subglobose, uninucleate, .0012- .0014 of an inch in diameter. Living leaves of Heliarithella Californica. Soda Springs, Cal- ifornia. M. E. Jones. Plucheas. — Pluchea eamphorata, P.foetida, and even P. pur- pura seens, DC, appear to be forms of one variable and widely dif- fused species. Is the plant of the Mississippi valley found growing anywhere far from subsaline soil, and is the root perennial? Is the root of P. camphordta ever perennial ? — A. Gray. On the Power possessed by Leaves of placing themselves at Right-Angles to the direction of Incident Light; by Francis Darwin. Journal of the Linn. Soc, no. 112 (vol. xviii, pp. 420-455), published June, 1881, read Dec. 16, 1880— Taking up this subject where it was left by his father and himself in the work on " The Power of Movement in Plants,1' Mr. Francis Darwin, in this paper, records his investigations and experiments made with a well-devised modification of Sachs1 Klinostat, with the view of de- termining whether Frank's or DeVries's explanation of the position which leaves normally assume with respect to the light is the more 4.6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. tenable. While the vertical position assumed by the growing plant's axis is attributed to geotropism and heliotropism, Frank at- tributes the xiosition taken by leaves (with one face to the sky and the other to the ground) to transverse geotropism and transverse heliotropism. "An organ which grows transverse-geotropically, places itself horizontally In the same way a transversa helio- tropic organ has an inherent tendency to place itself at right-angles to, instead of parallel [as does the stem] to the direction of incident light. It may be said that this is no explanation at all; and this is true in a certain sense. But there is no reason whv it should be more unsatisfactory than the accepted explanation of the vertical growth of stems and roots, namely, that they have an inherent power of growing in these directions." Indeed the one is just as satisfactory or unsatisfactory as the other. The terms "geotrop- ism," " heliotropism," "apheliotropism" and the like, transverse or otherwise, — now a numerous brood, — are useful and not misleading, when held to mean only that, in fact, a leaf " has an inherent ten- dency to be horizontal, ' or "to place itself at right-angles to the di- rection of incident light" and "the hypocotyl of a seedling has an inherent tendency to grow vertically upwards. "The technical terms are unsatisfactory only when they are supposed to carry more expla- nation than the simple and untechnical statement does. But do leaves take their position in virtue of an inherent tendency ? This is sub- stantially denied by DeVries,or at least he maintains that the assump- tion is needless, for that it may be the result of an antagonism be- tween positive and negative heliotropic and geotropic forces, or be- tween these and what he calls epinasty and hyponasty. These new technical terms are simple in meaning. An organ, such as a leaf, is epinastic when the upper half grows in length more than the lower, and the effect is convexity above and concavity below, or downward curvature: it is hyponastic when the reverse takes place. And the suggestion is, that the horizontal position of a leaf under zenith illumination may be due simply to an equilibrium between two or more of these opposing forces. It is unnecessary to enter into particulars of how this obviously might produce the effect: for the result of Mr. Francis Darwin's experiments is a clear disproof of DeVries' suggestion. In the "fundamental experiment:, -if a plant whose leaves have the power of placing themselves at right-angles to incident light is growing normally in the open air and lighted from above, its leaves will be horizontal. Let the plant be now made to rotate on a klinostat [so slowly that no centrifugal effect will be produced, but rapidly enough to destroy all geotropic action] so that the axis of rotation coincides with the axis of the plant. And let the direction of the incident rays of light be parallel to the axis of rotation, so that the morphologically upper side of the leaves is illuminated by rays striking them at right-angles, just as they were when the plant grew on the ground. Then, if the normal horizontal position is the result of a balance between geotropism BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 47 (positive or negative) and any other force — epinasty, hyponasty, positive or negative heliotropism, — it is clear that, geotropism bein^ destroyed by the rotation, the balance cannot be maintained.11 The experiments, varied in many ways, and with arrangements to elim- inate epinastic and hyponastic tendencies, plainly bring out the conclusion "that the power which leaves have of placing them- selves at right-angles to the incident light is due to a specialized sensitiveness to light, which is able to regulate or govern the action of other external forces, such as gravitation, or of internal forces, s uch as epinasty.11 — A. G. in Am. Jour. Sci. Ranunculus. — I invite attention, thh season, to the various forms which in this country pass under the name of Ranunculus repens, L. I suspect that the European species, one which merits the specific name, is not indigenous to the United States, but is oc- casionally met with as a naturalized plant. The ''third form11 with "spotted leaves,11 mentioned in Mr. Ward's new Flora of Washing- ton, would seem to be of this species. Does the low and early-flow- ering form of our common species make runners later in the season ? And do the larger forms of low ground freely produce prostrate shoots and do these take roots?11 — A. Gray. Botanizing on Comanche's Peak, Texas.— This high bluff is one of the most remarkable features of Central Texas. Situated six miles south of Granbury, it towers above the beautiful valley of the Brazos like an immense citadel, its height above the valley be- ing estimated at six hundred feet. It is seen from long distances in every direction and from its top a most extensive view is obtained. Like an isolated sentinel, it seems to be the only remnant of a vast- plateau that has been washed away. Belonging to the Cretaceous Period, its rocks full of interesting marine fossils have characterized one group of that period, bearing the name of Comanche's Peak Group. In September, 1881, my wife and I visited the peak on a botan- izing expedition, but the season was not favorable except for a few grasses which I will mention below. The Euphorbia Fendleri and Paronychia Jamesii were the only interesting plants in bloom. On the rocks which had fallen from the top of the peak we noticed some Solidago neinoralis in bud, but most of the species were detected by means of leaves, or dried stems bearing seeds; such as Arenaria Michauxii, Erythrcea Texensis, E. Beyrichii, and Sabbatia campes- tris. We looked eagerly for ferns, but only two were obtained. PeUcea atropurpurea and Nothokena dealbata. of the latter only a small specimen. The pretty Cereus pectinatns is also growing there, being, I think, one of its more northeastern stations. The grasses were; 1, a Boutehua much resembling ol/'yostac1iy<i but with culms 2 or 3 feet high and that in poor rocky soil; 2, Leptostachya dubia; 3, Tricuspis (probably mutica of Torrey); 4, 48 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Aristida, probably a new species. The last three species were grow- ing on rocks on the very top of the peak. The first is abundant in rocky prairies near the base of the mountains. I have sent these grasses to Dr. Vasey of the Department of Agriculture, and he has not yet reported definitely about them. The sides and part of the top of this great bluff are covered with a thick growth of mountain cedar (Juniperus occidentalism Tax. conjungens), red oak (Quercus rubra), live oak (Q. virens), and shin oak (Q. sinuata, var.?). Among these we noticed the following shrubs; Celtis reticulata, PteleatrifoUata, var. mollis, Moras parvi- folia, Rhus triIobata,and the curious evergreen Berberis trifoliata. I have no doubt that the locality is very rich in plants, and the botanist who will visit it in a good season will be well repaid for his trouble, besides the pleasure of viewing beautiful landscapes. The settlers about the peak have assured us that they are gen- erally favored with more or less rain while the country 8 or 10 miles distant is suffering from drouth. Some of our own observations seem to corroborate this statement. In crossing the Brazos 6 miles from the peak we found on the sandy banks of that river fine blooming specimens of the following species: Heliotropium convolvulaceum, Euphorbia hexagona, Dalea lanata, Aster spinosus,Cycloloma platyphylla, and Enslenia albida. — J. Reverchon, Dallas, Texas. North American Grasses.— In the April Naturalist Dr Vasey gives some notes on N. Am. Grasses,based on Mr. Bentham's recent paper on Graminece. As all botanists are interested in the proposed changes we will note a few of those that most concern us. Polypogon is placed under the Panicacew. Thurbera is a new genus made to include two species of hitherto doubtful relations, and most happily named. Sorghum nutans is not Sorghum at all, but Chrysopogon. Sorghum includes only the cultivated S. rulgare and S. Halapense. Muhlenbergia is made to include Vasey a. ' Sporo- bolus includes Vilfa. In Deyeuxia are included all our species of Calamagrostis except two or three which go into Ammophila. All our native species of Aira are referred to Deschampsia. Lepturus paniculatus, Nutt., is referred to Schedonnardus. Eleusine includes Dactyloctenmm. Leptochloafascirularis again appears as Diplach- mfascicularis. Triodia includes Tricuspis and Uralepis. Tnpla- lis appears with two N. Am. species. Our Brizopyrum is Distlich- iss, Raf. Briza includes Calothera. Atropis is referred to Glyceria. Bromus includes Ceratochloa. Our native Triticums are referred to Agropyrum. Gymnostichum is referred to Asprella. Botanical Paper. E. MORRISON Paper Warehouse, No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs., at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, Standard size and weight, 65 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire. Drying paper always kept on hand. The undersigned will sell to Botanists sets of about 300 species from Eastern Oregon. For list and terms address WM. C. CUSICK, Union, Oregon. FROM THE Cascade Mountains. The subscriber has sets of 300 species of plants of Washington Territory, collected in the Cascade Mountains. Several are new species, some of which have not yet been published. Over 70 per cent, are represent- ed by both fruit and flowers, The rates will be $8.00 Per Hundred. Sots will be sent by mail, and lists will lie written for inquiring parties. W . N. SUKSDORF, White Salmon, Klickitat Co., Washington Territory. 3to Western Plant; My son, Mr. Geo. R. Vasey, has made dur- ing the past season a valuable collection of plants in S. E California, Arizona and New Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The collection consists of the very interesting plants of that region, many of them exceed- ingly rare, and in first class condition. There are; over 600 species, and the whole set is offered for fifty dollars. Nearly all the Ferns of that region are included, and a few sets of these will be sold separately A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or individuals. GEO. VASEY, Dep'tof Agriculture, Washington,D. C. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned : Am. Agriculturist ($1.G0 a year) $2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1 80 Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) 3 60 Torrey Bulletin ($1.(10 a year) 1 85 Leisure Hour — 1 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists, have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy season's exploration of S. Arizona and have added a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium . They solicit early orders from their old customers and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num- oer)includingallthe new ones, at 10 cts. each. Xewones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. Agave Shottii, @ 50 each. Manimilaria pecti- nata @ 50 each. Li Hum Parryi® 50 cents. A small quantity of seeds of the new and beau- tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and for sale. The ti ee is sure to become very pop- ular as it will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with qnadangular branchlets. A few seeds of the Pinus Ariz- onica and P. C/rthuahaua, &c. Address, J. G. LEMMON. Oakland, Cal . Arizona Plants. The nndersigned ha9 made very large collections of plants in Arizona and adjoining regions, and will dispose of them at very low rates. He will also exchange Specimens for standard Medical and Surgical works, either new or second hand. For lists and terms apply to HENRY H. EUSBY, Franklin, N. J. ggg^/tt every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette. English Plants. An English botanist desires to dispose of his collection of Phaenogams which com prises over 1,000 (mo3tly British species) specimens mounted. 'Price IOjG 10 shillings, delivered in N Y. For particulars address J. A. SANFORD, 289 Summit St., Toledo, Ohio. Important to Botanists. Wishing to close out my stock of check-lists of North American Polypetala3 and Gamopetalse after Composite, (which are very useful for herbarium lists and exchanges) I will fill all orders received before May 1st as follows: 1 copy of each list, 30 cents; 5 copies of each, $1. Stamps a9 good as money. H. N. PATTERSON, ma. Oquawka, 111. TO BOTANISTS. We take pleasure in announcing as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof. Ed- ward Tuckerman of Amherst College. The title is as follows: "A Synopsis of the North American Lichens, Vol. l. Comprising the Parmeliacei, ( ladoniei and C(ENO(;oniei." The book is 8vo. in size, and contains nearly 300 pages. The work is not stereotyped and an extremely limited edition has been printed. The price has been fixed at #3.50, but orders received before Marcli 1-t will be filled 10 per cent. less. Orders should be sent direct to us as no discount will be allowed to "the trade" on this book. Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to $5.00 after a certain number of copies have been sold. S. E. CASSINO, Publisher, mama 32 Hawlcy Street, Iloston. May, 1882. Vol. VII, No. 5. ^ BOTANIC^ W CLUB. *Xhe Botanical Gazette A PAPER OF Botanical Notes. TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 10 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 CONTENTS Page. Editorial 49 The Genus Isoetes, Engelmann. J. M. C 52 New Species of Fungi. Chaa. H. Peck 54 Selenia aurea. F. L. Harvey 57 Notes on Ranunculus. F. L Harvey . 57 A Synopsis of N. Am. Lichens, Tuck- ennan. J. M. C . 58 Page. Action of acids on Cellulose. Lizzie Shoemaker 59 A Bit of Fern History. Geo. E. Dav- enxiort 60 Pholisma arenarium, Nutt. D. Cleve- land 64 Jasminum odoratissimum. W. W. Bailey 64 JOHN M. COULTER, CrawfordsvilU, Ind., M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind., Editors and Publishers. CRAWFORDSYTLLE, IND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1882. THE A MONTHLY PAPER OF BOTANICAL NOTES. ADVERTISING RATES. 1 time. 6 times 12 time9. MCol $ 1 00 4 50 6 75 U Col $ 2 00 9 00 13 50 yx coi $ 4 00 18 00 27 00 ICol > 8 00 36 00 54 00 lPage .$16 00 72 00 108 00 8Q^" Advertisements less than % of a col- umn inserted at 20 cents per line, counting eight words a line. We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaching the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt atten- tion. M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. Terms. — Subscription, $i per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, 10 cents. The paper will be invariably stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. The Gazette for 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are anx ious to receive from all any notes that are worthy of record and any inforrna tion of general interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of plants, or botanical books and instru- ments, the Gazette cannot be excell ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor with botanical friends, not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country Sample copies will be mailed upon application. J. M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. * CLUB- ; ^ew YO R*^ Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. MAY, 1882. No. 5. Editorial. — The American Forestry Association held its first annual meeting in Cincinnati, April 25-29. With Dr. John A. Warder as President, the convention could not well help being one of great interest. Mr. Thomas Meehan writes that the European snowdrop flow- ered near Philadelphia on the 1st of April this year, and that Frit- illaria pudica, within a few feet of it, was only four days after. Joseph Decaisne, the most eminent botanist in France, the di- rector of the Jardin des Plantes ever since the death of Mirbel, the Professor of Culture in the Museum of Natural History at Pans for more than forty years, died on the 8th of February, 1882, in the 75th year of his age. We have just received information of the death of Mr. William H. Leggett, tor so long a time the editor of the Torrey Bulletin. He died April 11th and in the absence of particulars we will await the notice which will appear in the journal with which he has been so honorably connected. Mr. Thomas Howell, of Sauvies' Island, Oregon, has published a catalogue of the plants of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, in- cluding the mosses. He offers to furnish botanists their desiderata at ten cents, and full sets at five cents per species. Mr. Howell's plants have proved very satisfactory. The Agricultural College at Lansing, Michigan, seems to have quite an active Natural History Society, judging from accounts of it given in The College Speculum. Prof. W. J. Beal, of course, contributes largely to the botanical interest, but the best of it is that he is ably assisted not only by professors but by students. Part V, of Dr. Braithwaite's British Moss-Flora, published at the close of the last year, has come to hand. It contains Leu- cobryum and a part of 'the Dicranacece. Twenty-five species are beautifully figured on the three plates. This work is specially re- commended to American botanists. Even if we get our long hoped- for Manual, we shall still need an illustrated work like this. Prof. C. E. Bessey has recently met with a severe loss which calls forth the sympathies of his many botanical friends. On April 5° BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 8th a tornado struck North Hall of Iowa Agricultural College, carrying off the roof and crushing in the botanical laboratory, bo- tanical lecture room, and the room in which were the Professor's library, cabinet and herbarium. His work is now carried on in an- other building. The herbarium is saved in packages, but the case is still in the wrecked building, exposed to rains and storms. The library was mostly saved, but badly hurt by rain, lime and crushing. The building is to be repaired soon and the Professor expects to be back in his old quarters by midsummer. Mr. Volney Rattan has published a popular "California Flora,'1 or "Manual of Botany for Beginners," which has just ap- peared in a third edition, revised and enlarged. It contains some introductory lessons and condensed descriptions of plants with con- spicuous flowers, numbering something over 600. The most diffi- cult orders, such as Umbelliferce, Compositce, etc., are not described, being too difficult for beginners. The book seems a most excel- lent one for its purpose, and well calculated to be a stimulus to the study of botany in the schools of California. Many a book of this kind has come from the necessities of an enterprising teacher, for our specialists will not always attend to the wants of beginners. The great collections of the late Professor E. Fries, are now offered for sale by his heirs. They consist of an herbarium of extra- Scandinavian phanerogams of about 40,000 species ; an herbarium of Sandinavian phanerogams, complete and containing the types of Prof. Fries1 works on the Flora of Scandinavia ; a collection of fungi, containing original specimens of Prof. Fries1 own species and oi those of almost all other mycologists in this century; a collection of about 1,500 drawings of fungi, most of which are colored ; a collec- tion of mosses ; a collection of algse ; exsiccata published by many authors. All these collections have been well taken care of, and the phanerogams are mounted upon fine white paper. They will be sold undivided or in families or genera, and purchasers should address Th. M. Fries, Upsala, Sweden, before the end of May, stating the price offered per hundred. Rev. A. B. Hervey, of Taunton, Mass., has prepared some ex- ceedingly handsome slides of marine algge. They are divided iuto two sets of six each. Set 1 shows the characteristic fruit of each of the 6 groups into which the Floridece or red alga? naturally di- vide. Set 2 shows 3 different forms of the asexual spores ot the Floridece, and the sexual fruit of the lower algse. viz : the Crtjpto- phyceai, Zoospores, Oosporete. The writer must acknowledge that these slides came nearer filling a "felt want11 in his laboratory, than any appliance has done for many a clay. Heretofore his students had to exercise a large degree of faith in regard to the reproductive parts of these low and very interesting forms, but now seeing strengthens both belief and interest. As an educational series these slides are invaluable, and no laboratory or lecture room can afford BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 51 to be without them for they really illustrate every important fea- ture of the reproductive machinery of the alga?. Either set costs $3.00, both together $5.00, with full explanatory text. The writer confesses a delinquency which he wishes to cor- rect both in himself and his botanical friends. We have an Associa- tion known as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, where workers in all departments of science are in the habit of meeting to have most pleasant and profitable intercourse^ Zoolo- gists, geologists, chemists and mathematicians flock to it in great numbers, but botanists are both few in number and modest in spirit. Where are the possessors of those long lists of names which fill page after page of our directories? There is now a section of biology where botany will have a fair chance, and botanists should avail themselves of this opportunity of becoming acquainted with each other. The next meeting will be held in Montreal, August 23d, as attractive a place for meeting as could well be imagined. The writer expects to be there, he is ashamed to say for the first time, and hopes to make hosts of botanical acquaintances. He does not offer his presence as an inducement for any one to attend, but simply to assure his readers that he intends to follow his own advice. Let us begin thus early to lay our plans for making the botanical subsec- tion a very prominent feature of the next meeting. Go prepared not only to see something but to say something. Charles Robert Darwin died April 20, 1882. Just as we go to press this telegram has been received from London, accompani- ed by no particulars. He was born February 12, 1809, and the his- tory of his long life is the common property of all intelligent peo- ple. Seldom has there been a life more busy or more fruitful, for it must be conceded that his powers of observation were phenomenal. His name has become so much a part of modern biology that it can never cease to be a familiar one. A great "path-breaker," manj- have followed in his footsteps and he had the good fortune to live long enough to see his work properly appreciated. It is almost needless to name his contributions to botany, for his books are in every library. Those with botanical subjects are as follows: "Fer- tilization of Orchids," "Insectivorous Plants," "Climbing Plants," "The Effect of Cross- and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable King- dom," and "Different Forms of Flowers in Plants of the same Spe- cies." His last book was upon the "Effect of the Earth-Worm on Vegetable Mould." We may expect a notice in some degree worthy of the man from the pen of him who of all in this country knew him best, and with whom his name is so pleasantly associated in that delightful book, "Darwiniana." Botanical Necrology for 1880, 1881 and thus far in 1882, as given in the American Journal of Science for April includes the fol- lowing names: 52 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Gen. Wm. Munro died near Taunton, England, Jan 29, 1880, at the age of 64. Coe F. Austin, Closter, N. J., died March 18, 1880, at the age of 49. Wm. Philip Schimper died March 20, 1880, at the age of 72. Nils J. Andersson died at Stockholm, March 27, 1880, at the age of 59. Dominique Alexandre Godron died at Nancy, August 16, 1880, at the age of 73. ['_'__ S. B. Mead, Augusta, 111., died November 11, 1880. at the age of 81. W. Lauder Lindsay died November, 1880, at the age of 52. Ernst Hampe died November 23, 1880, at the age of 85. Alphonso Wood, West Farms, N. Y., died Jan. 4, 1881, at the age of 70. Gottlieb Ludwiq Babenhorst died near Meissen, in Saxony, April 24, 1881, at tlie age of 74. Matthias Jacob Schleiden died at Frankfort on the Maine, June 23, 1881, at the age of 77. Theodore Schwann died at Liege, Belgium, early in the present year, at the age of 70. Joseph Decaisne died at Paris, February 8, 1882, at the age of Thomas Potts James died at Cambridge, Mass., February 22, 1882. at the age of 78. Wm, H. Leggett died in N. Y. City, April 11, 1882. Charles Robert Darwin died April 20, 1882, at the age of 73. The Genus Isoetes ; by Dr. George Engelmann.— This is a pamphlet of 33 pages from the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy, Vol. IV, No. 2, and was read in February of this year. This insignificant genus was for a long time ignored by botanists and until thirty or forty years ago, the few specimens that were col- lected were referred to /. lacustris. Of course a genus that was at- tractive to no one else was just the one for Dr. Engelmann to study and the result is that we now wonder why so interesting a ge- nus was not studied long ago. At least this pamphlet will spur us all to activity and its author will begin to hear frequently of more Isoetes. This paper is remarkable for its completness, containing all the information pertaining to the genus that can be given at the present time, though, to he sure, the literature of the subject has not yet become very extensive. First the author gives the his- tory of the genus in North America, giving a complete list of the discoveries of the various species, from "that of Pursh in 1806 (?) to that of the author and Mr. Pringle in 1881. Under the same head- ing is included a list of publications in reference to the genus. Then follows an account of the morphology and biological elements of the members of this genus, the simplest vascular plants BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 53 known. The lobing of the trunk, the presence or absence of sto- mata, and the peripheral bast-bundles are noted as furnishing val- uable characters for classification. The rarest patience has been shown in the careful dissection of tissues in hundreds of specimens not in all cases the best. The author advises any one who desires to study the structure of Isoetes to begin with the well known species and fresh specimens. The arrangement of the leaves varies from distichous to even the 21-34 order; their number from 5 or 10 to 100 or even 200; their length from i to 1 inch to 1 or 2 feet. The genus contains from 40 to 60 species, North America haying 14, with 12 varieties. The systematic arrangement proposed is as follows: I. Tkunk bilobed. A. Submerged species with quadrangular leaves, without, or in 4 and 5 with few or many stouiata" and without peripheral bast bundles; vel- um incomplete. I. /. lacustris. 2. I. pygmcea. 3. /. Tuckermani. 4. /. echinospora. 6. I. Bolanderi. B. Amphibious species with abundant stomata in the quadrangular leaves. * Without peripheral bast-bundles (these are intermediate between the submerged and the truly amphibious spe- cies). •)• Velum partial. 6. I saccharata. 7. /. riparia. ft Velum complete. 8. I. melanospora. ** With peripheral bast-bundles. f Velum partial. 9. /. Engelnwnni, 10. /. Rowelli. ff Velum complete. II. I. flaccida, C. Terrestrial species, maturing when entirely out of water, with abund- ant stomata and peripheral bast-bundles in the nearly triangular leaves. * Velum partial or almost wanting. 12. I. melanopoda. 13. I. Bulleri. ** Velum complete. 14 /. Nuttallii. II. Trunk trilobed. (Numerous stomata and bast-bundles in the quadran- gular leaves; velum partial.) 15. /. Cubana. (From Cuba.) In regard to geographical distribution the following quotation is made as it may be of service to collectors: Only a small part of the North American continent has been well explored for Isoetes, and there, from Massachusetts to the Chesapeake Bay, they appear abundant enough; farther south, and in the whole interior and western part of the continent, they have thus far been found only in a few localities. Some species are quite local, as is the case, also, with many species oi the old world, while others arc widely distributed. Our two northern species are identical with or closely allied to European forms, all the others are quite dis- tinct from such, so that there is scarcely more than a generic analogy between the species of our middle and southern regions with the Mediterranean ones or those of other regions of the globe. 54 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. The old Linnean I. lacmtri* is the only species which has been found to ex- tend from the Atlantic to the Pacific States, and it probably occupies a north- ern belt of the northern hemisphere, though it seems not to have been discovered as yet in Asia. The American forms allied to I. cchi>i<>spo:ri,the other north Euro- Dean species, are the most common in the belt of northern States as far west as Michigan, and have been detected also on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. Of the others, I, Engelmanni extends from Mssachusetts Georgia and westward to Missouri, though thus far not found anywheie else west of the Alleghany Mountains. I.flacdda ispecular to Florida and I. Bol- and&i'i to the lakes of the western mountain chain, the Rocky Mouotains as well as the Sierra Nevada. I. melanoptxhi occupies parts of the Mississippi Valley from Centra] Illinois to Northwestern Texas, while I. NuttaUii is the only species found in the valley of the Columbia river. All the other species seem to be nearly or quite local, L pygmoea, in the Californian Sierra, but most of them on the Atlantic border; thus/. Tuckermani occurs only near Boston. I. mccharata on streams emptying into the Chesapeake Bay, and I. melano&pom only on that peculiar and botanically interesting rock, the Stone Mountaiu of Georgia, Some species which seemed local have lately assumed a little wider range, though yet quite restricted ; among these I mention I. ripa- ria of the banks of the lower Delaware river which occurs als i further north, and I. Bulleri, first known only from the Indian Territory, now also found in Tennessee. There can be no doubt but that some of the apparently local spe- cies will yet be found in a more extended area, when botanists will include in their researches these obscure and inconspicuous plants. New Species of Fungi, by Chas. H. Peck.— Hymenoch^ete multispinulosa — Resupinate. dark reddish-brown, the margin paler, the hymenium velvety by reason of the numerous setse. un- even, tuberculose, cracking' into small areas; setas straight or slight- ly flexuous, crowded, .0025-0045 of an inch long, arising from and often persistently attached to the paler filaments of the substra- tum. Surface of decaying wood. Arizona, April. G. G. Pringle. This fungus approaches, in some respects, the subgenus Velu- ticeps. The specimens are sterile. The color is somewhat darker than that of H. corrugata. _ Hymenula Lychnidis. — Minute, punctifof m, disk whitish or pallid, surrounded by a black margin; spores oblong-cylindrical or subclavate, colorless, .0005-0008 of an inch long, .00016 broad. Dead or languishing leaves of Lychnis. California, July. M. E. Jones. To the naked eye this fungus appears like minute black dots, but when magnified the clots are seen to be the black margin, which surrounds a pale disk. Lycoperdon pachydermum. — Subglobose, four to six inches in diameter, the radicating base somewhat pointed,the external peridium thin, smooth, whitish, the upper part cracking into small angular persistent spot-like scales or areas, the inner peridium thick, sub- corky, somewhat brittle, the upper part at length breaking up into irregular fragments; capillitium and spores ochraceous-brown, the filaments long,flexuous, somewhat branched, .0003 of an inch thick: BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 55 spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .0002-.00025 of an inch long. Arizona, June. Pringle. This is a singular species of Lycoperdon^ belonging to the sec- tion Bovistoides, but having the peridium of unusual thickness. It is also apparently destitute of any cellular base, in which respect it approaches the genus Bovista, but the character of the threads of the capillitium points to Lycoperdon as its proper genus. Hendersonia Cerei. — Perithecia minute, hemispherical, some- times collapsed or depressed about the papilliform ostiolum, black: spores numerous, oblong, colored, triseptate, constricted at the septa, .0008-0009 of an inch long, about .0003 broad, the second cell, from the apex sometimes divided by a longitudinal septum. Dead wood of Cereus giganteus. Arizona, April. Pringle. The division of the second cell of some of the spores indicates an approach to the genus Dichmmra Cooke£!amarosporium Sehulz. Asteroma Pringlei. — Spots orbicular, epiphyllous, black, two to four lines broad, the tips of the radiating hyphse sometimes dilat- ed; perithecia convex, black, irregularly or sometimes concentrically arranged; spores large, oblong or sabfusiform, generally acute at the extremities, slightly colored, .001Q-.002 of an inch long, .0005- .0006 broad, often with one to three muclei. Leaves of Quercus Jiypoleuca. Arizona, July. Pringle. Most of the specimens are sterile, and those that are fertile do not appear to be in very good condition. Ustilago cylindrica. — Attacking the spikes of the host plant and converting them into a cylindrical mass of spores six to ten lines long, about one line thick, invested bjr a thin cinereous at length lacerated membrane; spores subglobose, minutely roughened, brown- ish-black, .00035-0004 of an inch in diameter, intermingled with large irregular unequal pale cellular bodies .0008-0014 of an inch broad. Grass. Arizona, June. Pringle. The host plant is probably some species of Andropogon. The cylindrical mass into which the inflorescence is converted by the fun- gus resembles somewhat the ergot of rye in external appearance. but it is usually more slender than the ergot. The rachis forms a white central columella which runs through the mass of spores. Pileolaria effusa, — Forming a continuous or circumambi- ent velvety reddish -brown stratum over the young branches, petio- les and leaves of the host plant ; spores subglobose, minutely rough- ened, .00096-.0011 of an inch in diameter, uninucleate; pedicel short, colorless, .0005-0008 of an inch long. Living branches and leaves of Rhus, probably is*, aromatica or B. triloba. Arizona. May. Pringle. This is very distinct from Pileolaria brevipes, our eastern 56 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. species, both in its effused mode of growth and in its much shorter pedicel, whose length is scarcely equal to the diameter of the spore. Uromyces compacta. — Spots none or obsolete; sori compact, orbicular or oblong, blackish-brown; spores elliptical or oblong, ob- tuse or bluntly pointed, .0014-.0019 of an inch long, .0009-001 broad; pedicel colorless, equalling or exceeding the spore in length. Dead stems of some ''Composite plant/1 Arizona. May. Pringle. Uromyces versatilis. — Spots none; sori numerous, minute, amphigenous, rotund or oblong, slightly elevated, ochraceous-brown; spores oblong or oblong-pyriform, generally separating from the pedicel when old, .0009-0012 of an inch long, .0005-0006 broad; pedicel short. Living branches, petioles and leaves of Acacia Greggii. Arizo- na. May. Pringle. This is an aberrant species, and approaches Trichobasis in its deciduous spores. The young spores are subglobose and borne on pedicels larger than themselves, thus resembling the paraphyses of some species of Lecythea. The color of the spores is pale ferrugin- ous, or reddish-brown with an ochraceous tint. The fungus is abundant on the young branches as well as on the leaves of the host plant. Puccinta Gayophyti. — Spots none; sori small, scattered, am- phigenous, reddish-brown ; spores obovate or subelliptical, generally constricted at the septum, obtuse, smooth, .0012-0016 of an inch long, .0008-00095 broad; pedicel short, colorless. Living leaves of species of Gayophytum. Soda Springs, Califor- nia. Jones. Northern California. Aug. Pringle. Peridermium filamentosum. — Peridia numerous, irregularly arranged, erumpent, three or four lines long, one or two lines broad, cylindrical or subcompressed, obtuse at the apex, membranous, whitish when evacuated, containing a central bundle of loose per- current concolorous longitudinal filaments which are attached to the inner surface at the apex; spores varying from subglobose or broadly elliptical to oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptical, yellow-orange. .0011-.0013 of an inch long, .00064-.0008 broad, epispore thick, minutely roughened. Living branches of Pinus ponderosa. Arizona. July. Prin- gle. This is a very interesting species. Its peculiarity is found in the central longitudinal filaments which extend through the mass of spores from the base to the apex of the peridium. The surface of these filaments is covered with minute protuberances which ap- pear when magnified as if they might be immature spores. In the specimens before me none of the peridia are open at the apex, and in this respect also a remarkable departure is made from the generic- character. The peridia in some of the specimens are longitudinally ruptured, thus indicating a relationship to the genus Pcestelia. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 57 They are generally terete but sometimes a little flattened or com- pressed. The central filaments tend to hold the spores in mass so that they do not fall away as readily as in other species, and their attachment to the apex of the peridium appears to interfere with its rupturing at that point. Two other species, viz: Peridium Pint Lev. and Peridium Harknessii Moore, have been reported as inhab- itants of Pinus ponderosa. Dothidea Dasylirii. — Stroma amphigenous, small, narrowly el- liptical, oblong or linear, black, for a long time covered by the epi- dermis which is at length ruptured longitudinally; cells few, white within; asci oblong or subcylindrical; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong, often a little broader toward one end, colorless, .0012-.OOP7 of an inch long, .00065-00075 broad. Leaves of some species of Dasylwwn, probably D. Wheeleri. Arizona. May. Pringle. Dothidea Pringlei. — Stroma irregular in shape, variable in size, two to twelve lines long, penetrating the matrix deeply, am- phigenous, black, surface uneven, coarsely papillose by the scattered slightty prominent ostiola, cells unequal, deeply seated; asci cylin- drical; spores oblong-elliptical, smooth, uniseriate, colored, .0012- .0016 of an inch long, .0008 broad, often containing two or more nuclei. Living and languishing leaves of Yucca macrocarpu. Arizona. May. Pringle. Sometimes the surface of the stroma is shining, but usually it is opaque. Teichospora aridophila. — Perithecia minute, .01-.012 of an inch in diameter, scattered, hemispherical or depressed, black, ostio- lum minute, papilliform; asci subcylindrical, .0015-0018 of an inch long, .0011-. 0012 broad; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong or obo- vate, slightly constricted in the middle, muriform, colored, .0011- .0011 of an inch long, .0005-0006 broad. Bleached surface of dry wood. Arizona. May. Pringle. This species is closely related to T. obducens, but differs so much in habit, that it seems best to separate it. Seleilia aurea.. — Growing with the normal form of this species, having golden yellow petals, is a variety with the petals pale canary yellow. This species has fragrant flowers. The pleasant oder is wafted with the wind to a considerable distance from a large patch. The golden yellow of the petals is so intense that it is painful to the eyes to look for any length of time at a large patch in the bright sunshine. The flowers are so conspicuous they would make a striking ap- pearance in a flower garden planted in bunches. — F. L. Harvey. Notes on Ranunculus. — While examining some specimens 5« BOTANICAL GAZETTE. of J?, abortivus, var. micranthus, my attention wcas called to a singu- lar structure in a head of carpels and occupying the normal position of an achenium. Upon examination it proved to be a flower of the following structure. The flower was raised on a short peduncle and subtended by a bract (b). The calyx (a) was very irregular, no two of the four sepals being of the same shape. The corolla was obso- lete. The stamens (d), eight in number, were nearly normal though in some the filament and anther seemed to blend. There were about ten carpels (c) of normal shape excepting the beak was somewhat elongated. The accompanying figure shows the relation a of the parts, but is greatly magnified, d /\x the flower really being no longer than one of the carpels. The stamens and petals of the flower, in the head of which „,4 this structure occurred, had fallen. _ This variety of R. abortivus in this — -« region has the carpels in an elongated head, the length being often twice the diameter. There is another variety of this species (var. grandiflora) which grows upon cliffs _ high above the valleys, in which the petals far exceed the sepals in length, and the flower expands half an inch. Ranunculus fascicularis, Muhl., has in this region entire root- leaves and beginners invariably place it along with R. rhomboideus, if they use Gray's Manual, as this uroot leaves are not divided to the very base.''1 Is it unusual for this plant to have entire root-leaves, or is there some defect in the key?— F. L. Harvey, .Fa^tfmYfe, Ark. I A Synopsis of the North American Lichens :* Part I, comprising the Pr.rmeliacei, Cladoniei, and Coenogoniei: bv Edward Tuckerman, M. A.: Boston, S. E. Cassino, 1882— This book is ex- actly what is needed to give an impetus to the study of Lichens. Heretofore very few botanists have been attracted to their study from the great lack of convenient literature, but one can hardly turn over the handsomely printed pages of this little octavo volume without feeling a desire to cultivate a field that has so long been neglected. If ever the proverbial "felt want" was a real one it was in this case; and has been supplied by the only person really able to publish an authoritative work of this kind. In this book of some 260 pages the author has described the species of one tribe, the Parmeliact /.containing nearly 40 genera, and two families under the tribe Lecideacei, namely, Cladomi and Coenogoniei; loth of which add but four genera. These comprise the more conspicuous lichens, just those to which students are first attracted. In view of the *The above notice was prepared tor the April Gazette, but by mistake was omitted. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 59 unsettled condition of this group of plants it must be exceedingly difficult for a philosophical mind to feel satisfied in their study, and this is apparently exactly Prof. Tuckerman's position. The ordinary multiplier of species would meet with no difficulty, but would reap a rich harvest among the bewildering display of forms; but our author has no such thought and with evident reluctance sends out the present book with its species, " in great part, sufficiently well settled. " All through the work one finds new things described,but not as yet admitted to specific rank, and having only provisional places. These, we are told, the author would have preferred to keep back, "with Horace, nonum in annum." We are thankful however that he did not in this case follow literally the precej>ts of the gen- ial poet, for this work will enable more of us to help the author in fixing the uncertain forms. There is usually no loss in putting out a tentative work, for observers are never so provoked into reporting their observations as when they think they are correcting blunders. Our author also thinks that Lichenology has not kept pace with the "diagnostic enumeration of new forms called arbitrarily species ;v which same may be said of some other groups of plants. As stu- dents of Phaenogamic Botany are in the habit of looking to Robert Brown as the most philosophical observer, so the students of Lich- ens look with equal veneration upon Elias Fries. In some 20 pages of introduction Prof. Tuckerman gives a cap- ital view of the present status of our knowledge concerning lichens. This is followed by a list of recent authors and a key to the 72 gen- era, grouped under the two series,\(rymnocarpi, and Angiocarpi, names that remind us of our series of Dicotyledons. Then follows the body of the work, containing quite a full description of charact- ers, localities, and relations of the species. Our copy happened to be faulty, lacking pages 257-260 and thus depriving us of two or three small genera; nor could we find Thamntilia in the index, al- though it appears in the body of the work. Nearly 500 species are described, the largest genus being Le- canora, numbering 56 species. The other large genera are Cladonia with 35 species, Parmelia 30, Placodium 28, Collema 27, Leptogium 25, Pahnaria 24, Cetraria 22, and Physcia and Sticta each 21. This shows remarkable uniformity in the size of the genera; but in the other genera the number of species drops very rapidly into the sin- gle digits. It is to be hoped and expected that one of the results of this book will be the more earnest study of this puzzling group of plants, which very fact will hasten the reading of many riddles. There is no reason now why Lichens should not have as many devotees as most other groups of Cryptogamia. — J. M. C. Action of Acids 011 Cellulose.— "Acids (especially sulphuric- acid) when greatly diluted* cause starch grains and cellulose at the ^Italics min o. L. S. 60 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ordinary temperature to swell up much more violently than pure water, without however destroying their organization.11 — Sachs' Text-book of Botany, Bennett & Dyers1 Trans., p. 592. Accompanying the above statement, Sachs gives a figure of the bast-fibers from the leaf of Hotja carnosa as they appear after treatment with sup'huric acid and iodine. All my attempts to ob- tain these appearances with "greatly diluted11 sulphuric acid hav- ing failed, I repeated the experiment using acid (C. P.) of known strength. No perceptible effect was produced by the application to different specimens ofdilutions containing 20, 30, 40 or 50 per cent, of acid. Sixty per cent, acid however produced the extraordinary swelling as figured by Sachs. Similar experiments were tried with the bast-fibers from the leaves of Yucca aloifolia and Latonta Bor- bonica with similar results. It seems to me that 60 p. c. acid can hardly be said to be "greatly diluted.11 Can an}' one explain the discrepancy? — Lizzie Shoemakee, Botanical Laboratory. Purdue University, LaFai/ette, Inch A Bit of Fern History. — In reviewing the history of some of our rare ferns during the past ten years, it is interesting to note the changes which have occurred in their comparative scarcity and abundance. Ten years ago Botrychium xinqjlex was so great a rarity that one might almost despair of ever obtaining a specimen; now it is plentiful enough, obtainable with little or no difficulty, and seldom called for in exchange. In Massachusetts it had not been collected for many years, when E. S. Wheeler detected it in Berlin, in 1878. Since then it has only been recorded twice — both times from Essex Co. — and is still rare in the State where it was originally discovered by Rev. Edward Hitchcock, in 1822. When E. S. Miller found it on Long Island, N. Y., in 1873, those who were able to secure spec- imens from him, regarded themselves as fortunate indeed. But in 1877 Mrs. Chas. Barnes, of Syracuse, found it so plentiful in the North Woods that she was able to supply man}' demands for it, while in the same year Mr. Pringle found it equally plentiful in Vermont. Since then it has continued to turn up at intervals in different localities from Maine to California, until probably no one who has made any effort to make up a collection of North Ameri- can Ferns is without a specimen. The writer recalls the pleasurable emotions with which he first received imperfect specimens qi Asplenium myriophyllum and Chei- lantheS lAndheimeri, at that time aesiderata so rare as seemingly to be placed beyond reach. The first of these was received from Dr. Chapman himself — the specimen being the last of the original col- lection made by him twent}' years before, a fact which enhanced its value greatly- — and the writer still remembers how eagerly some friends received, and how uracil ihey prized the precious bits which he ventured to detach from his specimen to share with them. But BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 61 since its re-discovery by Mr. Shockley in 1878, the collections of J. Donnell Smith, Miss Reynolds and A. H. Curtiss have left no excuse for anyone's being without a specimen. Cheilanthes Lindheimeri has also been placed within the reach of all through the recent collections of H. H. Rusby, C. Gr. Pringle and others, who have found it plentiful in New Mexico and Arizona — it being especially abundant along the foot-hills in the mountain ranges of the south-eastern portion of the last named territory. In making up a list of ferns considered rare, or difficult to ob- tain when the writer began his herbarium in 1873, the following may be given: 1. Acrostichum aureum. 32. Pteris longi folia. 2. Polypodium Plumula. 33. Cretica. 3. falcatum. 34. Adiantum tricholepis. (The A. 4. Scoulen. pilosum of that date). 5. Phyllitis. 35. Blechnum serrulatum. 6. Gymnogranime hispida. (Then the 36. Lomaria spicant. G. pedata of our check lists.) 37. Asplenium pinnatindum. 7. Notholaena sinuata. 38. ebenoides. 8 ferruginea. 39. parvulum. 9- Candida. 40. viride. io- dealbata. 41. dentatum. ii- Newberryi. 42. Bradleyi. 12- Hooked. (Then N. 43. septentrionale. • crelacea). 44. myriophyllum. 13 Fendleri. 45. Phegopteris alpestris. 14.- Cheilanthes Californica. 46. Aspidium Lonchitis. 15. Wrightii 47. fragrans. 16. microphylla. 48. juglandifolium. 17. Alabamensis. 49. Cystopteris montana. 18. tomentosa. 50. Woodsia hyperborea. 19. Eatoni. 51. glabella 20. myriophylla. ? 52. scopulina. 21. Lindheimeri. 53. Oregana. 22. argentea. (Doubtful- • 54. Nephrolepis exaltata. ly admitted). 55. Trichomanes Petersii. 23" Cryptogramme acrostichoides. 56. Schizoea pusilla. 24. Pellcea Breweri. 57. Aneimia Mexicana. 25. Bridgesii. 58. adiantifolia. 26. aspera.(Then Cheilanthes 59. Botrychium simplex. aspen i). 60. Lunaria. 27. ternifolia. 61. boreale. 28. Wrightii. 62. Ophioglossum uudicaule. 29. flexuosa. 63. crotalophoroides. 30. pulchella. (Then 0. bulbosum). 31. densa. During the succeeding five years very little or no decided change took place in the status of any of these species, while at the close of that period the list might have been increased by the ad- dition of the following: 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69, Polypodium pectinatum. Notholama Parry i. tenera. Cheilanthes leucopoda. Clevelandii. Cooperse. 75. Pteris serrulata. Adiantum tenerum. Asplenium firmum. cicutarium. Aspidium unitum. Ophioglossum palmatum. 62 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Here we have 75 species which might have been considered rare at the beginning of 1878, more than one half of the whole num- ber of species then known. It will be observed,however,that the great- er number of these species were southern — mostly in the gulf-states — ana south-western,extending through the territories into California, with only an occasional species in the north, and one might have mierred from this that, for most part, they were rare only because of the partial explorations in those regions. Subsequently a marked change began. The growing interest in fern pursuits, stimulated by the inspiriting work on our North American Ferns by Prof. Eaton — to whom we are all under such deep obligations, and who is justly to be regarded as the founder of systematic American Pteridology — led to many nearly simultaneous efforts on the part of numerous collectors which resulted in making a large percentage of our rare ferns common, others more readily obtainable, and adding other species to our national hora. In 1877-78 the lamented Dr. Garber was in Florida, making finer specimens of Florida ferns than had been seen before, and bringing to light many hidden treasures. The re-discovery of As- plenium dentatum-, Pteris longifolia, and the discovery of Asplenium serratum and Ceratopteris thdlietroides in that state will always be associated with his ever to be remembered name. The veteran Chapman, who in his old age seemed to have quaffed an invigorating draught from that "Fountain," for which Pouce de Leon sought so long in vain, not to be outdone, had sig- naled the renewal of his activity, and shed new lustre on his honor- ed name by the fine discovery of Ophioglossum palmatum in 1875; and now. the discovery of Asplenium cicutarium by Capt. C. F. Adams, the re-discovery of Asplenium myriophyllum and Pter- in Cretica by Mr. Shockley, was followed by the fine collections of J. Donnell Smith, and his splendid discovery of Aspidium conter- minum. Latterly that indefatigable botanical collector, A. H. Curtiss, has been vigorously pushing his explorations of the southern coast region of Florida out on to the Florida Keys with excellent results, supplying prominent herbaria with his fine complete specimens and adding ( 'heilanthes microphylla,Aspidium trifoliatum,Ta nitis lancec- lata and Poh/ podium Swartzii to the flora of that state — the two, and at the time of Collection, the three last of these being new to the United States as well. The discovery of Asplenium riride, Woodsia hyperborea and Botrychium simplex in Vermont by C. G. Pringle; oi Bofri/ehium Lunaria in Connecticut by Oscar Harger and Dr. F. W. Hall; of Asplenia ni ebenmdes in the same state by J. S. Adam, and in New York state by Clarence Lown; the unexpected discover}^ of Scolopendrium vulgare in Tennessee by Mr. Cheat- hem, as recorded by John Williamson; the re-discovery of Botrij- eli i urn boreale — doubly interesting as a verification of Milde's re- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 63 corded station for it — ,with the original discovery of AspkJium Ore- qpteris in Unalaska by L. M. Turner; of Aspidium Mohrioides in California by J. G. Leminon; of Cystopteris Montana, Aspidium Lonchitis and Botryehium Lunar/a in Colorado by T. S. Brandegee; of Notholosna Grayi in Arizona by W. M. Courtis; of Noiholcena Lemmoni and N. nivea in the same territory by Lenimon; Cheilan- thes Parishii in California by the Parish Bros.; the re-discovery of Pellcm aspera in Texas by Dr. Edward Palmer, with many other interesting discoveries which have been recorded from time to time, marked this period, while recent collectors have so changed the sta- tus of the southern and southwestern ferns that our previous lists may now be reduced to the following, which will be interesting for comparisons five or ten years hence : 1. Notholaena ferruginea. 18. Bradleyi. 2. tenera. 19. septentrionale. 3. Cheilanthes leuoopoda. 20. cicutarium. 4. microphylla. 21. Phegoptens alpestris. 5. myriophylla. ? (As an- 22. Aspidium Lonchitis. derstood by the writer) 23. fragraus. 6. argentea. (Its actual 24. juglandifoliutn. presence yet to be verified). 25. Cystopteris montana. 7. Pelloea Breweri. 26. Woodsia hyperborea. 8. Bridgesii. 27. glabella. 9. aspera. 28. Trichomanes Petersii. 10. pulchella. 29. Schizcea pusilla. 11. ternifolia. 30. Aneitnia Mexicana. 12. flexuosa. 31. adiantifolia. 13. Pteris serrulata. 32. Botryehium boreale. 14. longifolia. 33. Ophioglossuin nudicaule. 15. Adiantumlricliolepis. 34. crotalophoroides 16. Asplenium ebenoides, 35. palmatum. 17. dentatum. Here we have a reduction of more than one half from the list as given before, but to these may be added the more recent discov- eries of 36. Polypodium Swartzii. 37. Notholama nivea. 38. Grayi — plentiful enough in Arizona, but not fairly in distribution . 39. Lemmoni— " " " " " " 40. Cheilanthes Parishii. 41. Asplenium serratum. 42. . Tamitis lanceolata. 43. AspkHum trifoliatum. 44. Oreopteris. 45 conterminum. 46. Woodsia Mexicana. 47. Ceratopteris thalictroides. making a total number of 4.7 species which may be regarded as rare ferns or which are not easily obtained at the present time. The experience already recorded, however, justifies the belief that many of these will be found plentiful enough when the regions where they grow are more thoroughly explored, while the increas- ing railroad facilities and communications are opening to the botan- 64 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ist vast regions before almost inaccessible and holding out promises of many further additions to our fern flora. There are, however, seemingly a few ferns that remain rare, even in well explored regions, and others so local, that, although they may be obtained without much difficulty, they must still be regarded as rare ferns on account of their restricted local distribu tion. Of the former class Asplenia in ebenoides may be cited as an- example, and of the latter Schiztea pus ilia, which is wholly re- stricted as far as now known to a very limited area in New Jersey - and the single station recently discovered in Nova Scotia by Miss, Knight. No where else has this little fern been found, and although it is apparently quite plentiful, its limited area should teach moderation in collecting it, lest, in time it become wholly eradicated and lost. — Geo. E. Davenport, Medford, Mass. Sub.-note. — An instance of the unexpected manner in which rare ferns occasionally turn up occurs in the recent discovery or re- discovery o± Ophioqlossum nudicaule in San Diego, California, bv Dr. C. C. Parry. Dr. Parry found this fern in San Diego as long ago as 1850, while connected with the Mexican Boundary Survey, but it was not identified at that time, and losing his specimens while crossing the Isthmus he has never been able to verify his discovery until now. T have received specimens from Dr. Parry and also from Daniel Cleveland, Esq., who was with him at the time of his interesting re-discovery of the plane in March last. — Gr. E. D. Pholisma arenarium, Nutt. — The statement is made in the Botany of California (vol. i. p. 464) that this plant grows in usandy soil and at the base of hills, near Monterey and San Diego, Doug- las, Nuttall, &c. Parasitic on the roots of oaks?" I have been unable to learn that any specimens of this plant were collected by any one but Nuttall, and at San Diego, in 1835-6, until it was re-collected by me in 1875. The fruit is known only from my specimens. This plant is parasitic on the roots of Erio- dyction tomentosum, and not upon the roots ot Oaks. It grows in sandy spots, in groups of from twenty-five to fifty, or more. — D. Cleveland, San Diego, California. Jasminum oiloratissinmm. — One of my college students, Mr. E. W. Shedd, of the Sophomore class of Brown University, was at work the other day in describing by schedule a branch of Jasminum odoratissimum. He called my attention to a peculiarity of the corolla. It will be remembered that this is salverform, with five spreading lobes. In the plant under examination, which is be- fore me as I write, two of the lobes of all the flowers differ from the rest in their calceolate iorm. These two lobes are the opposed ones, though there is an evident tendency in all to become slipper- form. I do not observe an}T accompanying alteration ot the essen- tial organs. I find the colV re i Indents very quick to observe any deviations irom a noimal condition.- — W. W. Bailey, Brown Uni- versity. Botanical Paper. E. MORRISON Paper Warehouse, No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs., at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, standard size and weight, 65 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire. Drying paper always kept on hand. CATALOGUE OP XNDIAIA FLAHTS. This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets, has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of o*ver 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cts. per copy, or three for $1.00, by addressing either, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. or Pkof. Chas. R. Barnes, LaFayette, Ind. PXaAHTTS FROM THE Cascade Mountains. The subscriber has sets of 300 species of plants of Washington Territory, collected iu the Cascade Mountains. Several are new species, some of which have not yet been published. Over 70 per cent arc represent- ed by both fruit and flowers, ihe rates will ue $8.00 Per Hundred. Si ts will be sent by mail, and lists will be written for inquiring parties. VV. N. SUKSDORF, White Salmon, Klickitat Co., Washington Territory. *iW My son, Mr. Geo. R. Vasey, has made dur- ing the past season a valuable collection of plants in S. E California, Arizona and New Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The collection consists of the very interesting plants of that region, many of them exceed- ingly rare, and in first class condition. There are; over 600 species, and the whole set is offered for fifty dollars. Nearly all the Ferns of that region are included, and a few sets of these will be sold separately A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or individuals. GEO. VASEY, Dep'tof Agriculture, Washington,D. C. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned: Am. Agriculturist ($1.00 a year) $2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1 80 Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) 3 60 Torrey Bulletin ($1.(0 a year) 1 85 Leisure Hour .... l 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy season's exploration of S. Arizona and have added a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium. They solicit early orders from 1 heir old customers and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num- ber) including all the new ones,at 10 cts. each. New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. Agave Shottii, © 50 each. Mammilaria pecti- ii aia © 50 each. Lilivm Parryi © 50 cen ts. A small quantity of seeds ot the new and beau- tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and for sale. Thetieeis sure to become very pop- ular as it will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with quadangular branchlets- A few seeds of the Pinus Ariz- onica and P. Chihuahaua, &c. Address, J. G. LEMMON, Oakland, Cal . Arizona Plants. The undersigned has made very large collections of plants in Arizona and adjoining regions, and will dispose of them at very low rates. He will also exchange Specimen for standard Medical and Surgical works, either new or second hand. For lists and terms apply to HENRY H. RUSBY, . Franklin, N. J. $j3g*In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette. Full Sets of the Gazette! The Editors of the BOTANiCAL Gazette are now ready to furnish com plete sets o Back Numbers. Single Volumes for $1 per Volume ; The Six Volumes Complete for $5 ! ADDRESS: BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Orawfordsville, Ind. TO BOTANISTS. We take pleasure in announcing as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof. Ed- ward Tuckerman of Amherst College. The title is as follows: "A Synopsis of the Nokth American Lichens, Vol. l. comprising the Parmeliacei, Cladoniei and C(ENO«oniei." The boak is 8vo. in size, and contains nearly 300 pages. The work is not stereotyped and an extremely limited edition has been printed. The price has been fixed at $3.50, but orders received before March 1st will be filled 10 per cent. less. Orders should be sent direct to us as no discount will be allowed to "the trade" on this book. Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to $5.00 after a certain number of copies have been sold. S. E. CASSINO, Publisher, mam. 33 Hawley Street, Boston. June, 1882. Vol. VII, No. 6. The Botanical Gazette. A PAPER OF Botanical Notes. TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 1 0 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1 .00 CONTENTS Page. Editorial 65 The Leaves of Aquatic Plants. Aug. F. Foerste 67 Introduced Plants of Rockford, 111. M. S.Bebb 68 Dichogamy of Umbelliferse. Aug. F, Foerste and Wm. Trelease 70 Notes from the Jour. Royal Micr. Soc . 71 A Curious growth of Coreopsis. B. T. Morgan 72 Page. Postage on Botanical Specimens. Win. Trelease 73 Ferns of Iowa. Mary E. Wood 73 Exogenous Flora of Lincoln Co., Miss. M.B.Flint . . 74 Astragalus mollissimus. T. O. Porter 76 Equisetumvariogatum. L.M. Under- wood 76 Early Fungi. A. B. Seymour 76 JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsvi/le, Ind., M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind.y Editors and Publishers. '<$ $»ET BOTip CLUB CRAWFORDSYILLE, IND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB TRINTI 1882. A/^ ^ vor fJ THE A MONTHLY PAPER OF BOTANICAL NOTES. VOLUME VII. ADVERTISING RATES. 1 time. 6 times. 12 times. ^Col MCol $ 1 00 4 50 6 75 $ 2 00 9 00 13 50 yz coi $ 4 00 18 00 27 00 ICol $ 8 01 36 00 54 00 lPage .$16 00 72 00 108 00 Advertisements less than yz of a col- umn inserted at 20 cents per line, counting eight words a line. We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaching the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt atten- tion. M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. Terms. — Subscription, $1 per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, 10 cents. The paper will be invariably stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfbrdsville, Ind. The Gazette for 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are anx ious to receive from all any notes that are worthv of record and any informa tion of general interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of plants, or botanical books and instru- ments, the Gazette cannot be excell- ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor with botanical friends, not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country Sample copies will be mailed upon application J. M. COULTER, Crawfbrdsville, Ind. Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. JUNE, 1882. No. 6 Editorial. — The oldest herbarium on record has been found in the form of garlands of dried flowers recently discovered on the breasts of mummies. The flowers are so well preserved that the colors of the petals and the color of the leaves are almost perfect. Mr. J. G. Lemmon and wife are off again tor Arizona. One would have supposed that the experience of their last trip would have sufficed for a lifetime; but as long as a plant remains to be discov- ed, these intrepid explorers will try to find it. Prof. F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Ark., writes that the peach trees in that region this spring are producing a great many multi- ple carpels. In some trees nearly all the flowers have formed multi- ple fruits, varying from doublets to quadruplets. The freak does not appear to be local, but notices of it are to be seen in the state papers. The trees have not borne for two years and it seems like an effort to make up for lost time. Miss M. B. Flint, of Brookhaven, Miss., reports finding, April 27th, a full-grown leaf of Caialpa speciosa with two midribs. The leaf was of normal shape a/srbase, but above it forked, forming two tips, each one of them slenderly acuminate. If the midribs had been superimposed the leaf would have been the typical form. The growth was on a young seedling and was the only monstrosity the plant showed. Prof.A. B.Seymour of Ills. Univ.. Champaign,writes that near the last of April he found Ophioglossum vulgatum, L., growing in wood- ed bottom lands near the Pine Hills in the most northwest part of Union Co., Ills. Only a single plant has been previously reported in Illinois and that was found in Wabash Co. Professor Seymour counted near fifty plants and there were probably more. It appears that the genus Chara is not all plain sailing. It contains such an inextricable tangle of forms that it is hard to draw lines of classification. In the American Naturalist for May, Dr. T. F. Allen describes and figures 9 American "forms11 of C. coronata, which he does not pretend can be called varieties. It is to be hoped that this devoted student will bring order out of chaos so that oth- ers may have the courage toeuter the field. The Torrey Bulletin for April is an unusually full number, 66 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. containing quite an elaborate paper on the "Development of the Cortex in Chara" by our chief authority on that group of plants, Dr. T. F. Allen. This paper is accompanied b}r 8 plates. Another plate illustrates Mr. Joseph Schrenk's note on the "Development of the Root-stock of Dicentra cuculla^ia." Other notes by Prot. D. C. Eaton, W. W. Bailey, F. Lamson Scribner, Thomas Meehan and others complete the contents of this very interesting number. Robert Clark & Co., of Cincinnati, propose to publish a peri- odical to be called "The American Journal of Forestry," as a practi- cal outgrowth of the Forestry Convention recently held in that city. The object is a splendid one, but it appears to us that the majority of the names of the proposed contributors are names much more dis- tinguished in departments having nothing to do with Forestry, just as was the case with the convention referred to. The list con- tains some splendid names, but many of them are more pretentious than of any actual value. Too much care can not be given to the careful writing and proof reading of scientific articles. There should the same exact- ness be demanded in this regard as in the statement of facts. The errors which now creep into our most careful journals are the re- sults either of careless writing or careless proof-reading. Authors can greatly diminish the percentage of errors by writing with per- fect plainness, always going on the supposition that the printer is absolutely ignorant of every word and correctness depends upon the distinct formation of every letter. There was a time when all care- lessly written manuscripts were copied in this office, but that time has long since past, and authors usually have no one to blame but themselves when mistakes occur in their articles. We are glad to learn th at measures are about to be taken by leading naturalists to correct this in the more formal papers submitted for publication, by a more careful examination of them, both in manuscript and proof. Mr. Lester F. Ward has published a "Guide to the Flora of Washington and Vicinity" as the 26th Bulletin of the U. S. Nation- al Museum. It forms a pamphlet of 264 pages, with a large map, and is a most exhaustive affair. It is really an elaboration of an out- line presented to the Philosophical Society of Washington last year, and noticed beiore in these pages. Many useful hints can here be obtained by those preparing local catalogues. Not the least valua- ble part of the work is the Appendix, in which full directions are given to beginners in the matter of collecting, preserving, arrang- ing, exchanging, etc. The advice in these respects is unusually sen- sible, and worth following. Ordinarily, the best plan for the begin- ner is not to read such advice until he has developed his own meth- ods and then he does not need it. It is often as impracticable as it well can be, and there are almost as many ways of collecting, preserv- ing, etc., as there are botanists, and most of them answer the pur- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 67 pose very well. Mr. Ward's advice, however, will not encumber the most precise disposition. The writer must confess that he has about the same feeling in regard to this whole subject as he has expressed in the matter of microscopes. An herbarium, like a microscope, should not be an end. but simply a means to an end, and when it ceases to be that, it becomes a mere toy, like a col- lection of postage stamps or crockery. It is to be feared that the craze for collecting has infected too many of our botanists whose whole enjoyment of their plants is the miser's en- joyment of his gold. All the collecting that is being clone in this country should yield us richer returns of information. _ Every her- barium, however small, should be a perennial fountain and not a stagnant pool. Mr. Ward enforces well the real object of an herba- rium, but that part of his advice will be less heeded than the rnechan- rical part. The Leaves of Aquatic Plants.— The leaves of aquatic- plants may be divided into 3 classes; aerial, floating and immersed. The first class has stomata on both sides of the leaf; the second, on the upper side only; and the last class has none at all. In the first two, the air can be taken through the stomata directly into the leaf; in the last class, the necessary gases not existing as a body (of air) in the water, there is no use for stoma- ta, which would take up water as well as air. So we have breath- ing holes in the leaves disconnected from direct contact with water and into which carbon dioxide is absorbed for the use of the plant (Box. Gaz., Vol. VI. No. 8). These are the well-known intercellular spaces. So we see that it is a natural division. To the first class belong the leaves of the subaquatic or marsh plants, which root in the water and send their branches into the air, as in Nasturtium officinale. To the next belong the leaves of Nymphceacece. Limnanihemum, Orontium and Marsilea, raised by petioles to the water surface, also those of Schollera and Callitrichacece (aquatic forms) raised by stems to the same level. The peduncles of some water flowers ar e also elongated to get to the air. To the last class belong some Isoetes, Potamogetons, Vallisneria, Ranunculus divaricatus, and most Utricular ice. Some plants combine the second and last classes, having both floating and immersed leaves (some species of Potamogetoh). Some, the first and last classes, have both aerial and immersed leaves, as Nasturtium lacustre and Myriophyllum. A few plants having stomata (first class) , beginning their exist- ence in the water, emerge as the latter dries up. Plants of the second class, disconnected from the land and often very small, are sometimes matted to keep the stomata-bearing sur- face upward. This is effected in Azolla by its branching habit, in 68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Woljfia and Lemna by the coherence for a time of the proliferous parent to its offspring. The yielding to currents of water is a mat- ter of indifference, unless it be to carry the plant into new food regions, which is certainly not well accomplished in some ponds. The disconnection with "the soil keeps the stomata above water in the ever changing level of ponds. This is a matter of prime im- portance to leaves of the second class. A root that would bind our Wolffia to the soil would take many times the material of the plant itself. The same thing is effected in others of this class by long petioles and stems which being pliable allow the leaves to float on the water, for if attached stiffly to the stem the running stream would tilt the leaf towards its downward course, and by being long- er than absolutely necessary, it allows the leaf to surmount the rise of a stream as well as to follow it in its fall. The same remarks ap- ply to the pliability of stems which having immersed leaves must still effect the elevation of their supplementary floating (Potttmo- <jeton) or aerial (Nasturtium lapustre) leaves, which would other- wise not perform their functions. Floating leaves are generally entire and simple in form to aid their floating; this is supplemented in Nymphcea regia by the raised border of the leaf. Immersed leaves are long and linear (Potamogeton, Vallisneria) or divided into coarse or capillary segments. These leaves must re- main in the water, since out of it they cannot live and also have no stomata to breathe with. So we find arrangements to keep them in the water as long as there is any; the leaves are flaccid or the stem may be weak, and so they rise and fall with the height of the water (some immersed Potamogetons and Vallisneria.) The two cases are often correlated in capillary leaves, Utricularia and Ranuncu- lus aquatilis, var. trichophyllus% while in other specimens^ these leaves1 may be stiff, depending on the flexible 'stem entirely (Nastur- tium lacustre and Ranunculus aqmtilis, v:.r. stagnatilis). Since these plants breathe in the water and the amount of surface exposed is an item for them, we find capillary division abounding among immers- ed leaves. But while aerial leaves have strong fibers to spread out the leaf to the best possible advantage this is effected in water plants by large air holes in the leaf; this may explain their flaccid- ness a1 so. Plants having stomata supplemented by large air tubes may lerd a double existence, living first in water, and later on the dried- up bottoms of pond or stream as in Isoetes and perhaps Vallisneria septangulare, Elatine, &c. Is not this principle of the uses of leaves 'a more complete key to these facts than that of changing currents? (See in this connection "Designs of some leaf-forms" in the March No. of the Torrey Bulletin.)— Aug. F. Foebste, Dayton, 0. Recently Introduced Plants in and al.out RocMord. Ill — The rapidity with which our thriving western cities run through BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 69 the earlier stages of their growth, the quick transition from the informality of the fontier village to the stiff and pretentious urban airs of the prosperous manufacturing and trading town, is not more remarkable than the complete change which takes place in the vegetation covering the vacant lots, rubbish heaps and waste places of "these communities. I remember well, for instance, how here in Rockford, 111., say twenty years ago, the indigenous plants of the prairie and oak-opening sprang up on every side in close proximity to the beaten paths of busy men. The industrious young botanist, collecting for exchange, found his only limitations in the quantity of driers he possessed, and the amount of time, energy and discre- tion he could bring to the work of using them well. Now we must go miles out into the country for material and count ourselves for- tunate, even then, if the little vestige of the native flora which last season afforded us a dozen desirable specimens has not since been swept away by the plow; while in the central portion of the city scarcely a single native species remains to dispute _ possession with street weeds, mostly of European descent and training. Lactuca scariola, L., which has spread rapidly over the country along the line of railroads, was limited, with us, for a few years, to a single patch on the embankment east of the station-house, but has now been carried all over the city and out into the country even, by mud containing seeds adhering to carriage wheels. It threatens to become a troublesome weed, especially in gravel walks. Arnarantus blitoides, Watson, also brought in by the railroad (but from the west instead of the east), is just gaining a foothold. It takes kindly to sandy, sunny slopes, and spreads over the ground in dense, lusty patches very like Purslane. The particular occasion for this note, however, is to record— for the first time I believe— the introduction of Chenopodium Berlan- dieri, Moq., in the states east ot the Mississippi and north of the Ohio. This is found, not in patches here and there, but scattered ev- erywhere over vacant lots, under walls and along residence streets, keeping . company with Chenopodium glaucum, Artemisia biennis and the omnipresent Atriplex; but unlike the nearly allied C. album, showing no tendency to intrude as a weed in cultivated grounds. A rather delicate species — for a pigweed — rarely exceeding 18 inches in height, diffusely branched and usually (when not crowded) de- clining. From its general diffusion the inference is plain that the importation took place years ago, and it seems very strange that a plant showing such complete adaptation to the environment (it is as much at home in town as C. urbicum itself) should not have been reported elsewhere. I am at a loss, indeed, to frame any conjecture as to how it got here — for instance, by seeds in mud sticking to the feet of Texas cattle— which does not involve the puzzling question, then why not all along between St. Louis and Chicago as well ? I may as well mention, in conclusion, the fact that in some most un- accountable way, Kochiaseoparia, Schrad., has been turned loose in 7o BOTANICAL GAZETTE. our streets and from its chenopodiaceous character, abundant seed-. ing and the tenacity with which it holds its own in a fair stand-up fight with the street weeds,bids fair to become thoroughly established. One back street near the gas works, where it grew most abundantly, was regraded last winter, and if the coining summer shows that instead of being destroyed it has only been scattered, I think we may fairly count it in as having come to stay. The plant is as symmetrical in habit, when not crowded, as a young Juniper; the foliage at a dis- tance appears soft and graceful (more so than would be imagined by those who have seen only herbarium specimens), and, above all, pre- sents a light yellowish green color which contrasts prettily with the darker bluish green of its associates. — M. S. Bebb, Rockford, 111. Dichoo-amy of Ulllbellifeim— I am under obligations to Mr. Trelease for his kind correction of my mistake in calling Umbelliferce proterogynous. It was caused by Gray's Manual, page 187 ! "the styles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers de- velop," also by personal observations of Erigenia bullosa, Nutt., the only plant of this order which had been investigated by myself pre- viously to Pastinaca. This I consider an unmistakable case of pro terogyny. The stvles protrude from the just unfolding petals for the length of 1 mm. and have an angular divergence of 1-2 mm. At a later stage the stamens expand, the anthers successively dehisce, and during this period the styles approach each other so as to avoid self- fertilization apparently." Frequently this is not effected, and the styles remain expanded. But where they do close during this period they expand again as the stamens grow effete, gradually recurve, be- come effete themselves, turn reddish-brown and wither away. The stamens and petals drop off at the last expansion of the styles. The different flowers vary greatly, but this is the type de- velopment. Not to fall into any error I examined nearly 500 specimens. Therefore I consider our Erigenia to be a proter- ogynous plant, generally fertilized before the development of anthers, but capable of being fertilized by its own pollen, although this is apparently avoided in the first part of the second or polleniferous stage. The coming together of the styles is often indistinct and ineffectual. Plants left unfertilized can then be fertilized in the third stage by their own pollen or even by that of other plants still, since that would be more effective. But I believe that it does not take long for the styles to become effete and the carpels are appar- ently fructified before this stage in most cases. Although 1 have caught during the last -1 days 5 species of Diptera near these plants, f have never seen any at work, although I have looked at hundreds of plants in their natiye state during the last few days. but the days were stormy and cc/i*d. Still, from the presence of nec- tar in large quantities, f am willing to admit that there may be insects that frequent them. Finally. I am of the opinion (thanks to Mr. Trelease) that this plant (deviating from the family type) BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 71 originally proterandrous, became, from want of insects caused by its early appearance, autogamous by synanthesis, and is now again, by the adaptation to new insects, becoming dichogamous, but proterogy- nous, instead of proterandrous.— Aug. F . Foerste. Mr. Foerste was kind enough to send with the above note dried specimens of Erigenia, from which it appears that self-fertilization is quite as.probable as in Hydrocotyle, but although there is no ques- tion about the early elongation of the styles I could not be sure that the stigmas were receptive until dehiscence was nearly com- plete. From theoretical considerations, one might doubt the pro- togyny. The development of synacmy in a dichogamous specie-; might readily follow a decrease in the number of visiting insects, but if their number afterward increased and dichogamy were again acquir- ed, the hereditary direction of variation should tend to reproduce the same form of dichogamy that had originally been lost, and that still existed in related species and genera, especially in so uniform an order as the JJmbellifercB. Mr. Foerste writes that he has noticed a similar de- velopment of the stigmas in species of Thaspiiuu. It is to be hoped that those who can obtain Erigenia will confirm this observation another season, while Thaspiiuu, can be examined this year. Scandii Pecten- Veneris should have been mentioned with Hydrocotyle in my note in the Gazette for March, as being self-fertile, possibly through incomplete dichogamy, its self-fertility being, as suggested by Mr. Henslow (Trans. Linn. Soc.,2 ser. Bot., I, 365), correlated with the inconspictiousness of its flowers. Apium is also stated by Mr. Dar- win (Cross and Self-Fert, 172) to be self-fertile.— Wm. Trelease. Notes from the Jour. Royal Micr. Soc, February— L. Guignard finds that the embryo-sac of the Mimoseae (Acacia retinoides is taken as the type) is formed in the following manner: At the summit of the nucellus, beneath the" epidermis, an axial cell, larger than the adjoining one, divides into two superposed cells, the apical and subapical. The subapical cell enlarges rapidly and becomes segmented horizontally into three superposed cells each equal in size to the mother-cell. Of these, the lowest, the true mother-cell of the embryo-sac, enlarges at the ex- pense of the others and the lateral tissue of the nucellus. Resorp- tion soon commences in the two superposed cells; the nuclei lose their sharp outline and soon disappear, together with the cell-walls: finally the whole substance of these cells is absorbed in the develop- ment of the lower mother-cell. This process is subject to variations, but it is always the lower cell which becomes the mother-cell and absorbs the others. The same worker finds polyembryony not an uncommon phe- nomenon in the Mimoseae, especially in Schranckia uncinata, in which it is allied with other abnormalities of structure. E. Wartmank finds that Spanish chestnuts germinate after an 72 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. exposure of nearly two hoar-; to a cold of - 110°, derived from a mixture of sulphuric ether and solid carbonic acid. E. Pkillieux finds that the effect of warmth in the earth is to cause a hypertrophy of the interior of the stem in a young plant ; when closely examined this is found to be accompanied by multi- plication of the cell nuclei. D. H. Scott, investigating the structure and development of lat- iciferous vessels, finds that they are developed from rows of cells, the transverse walls of which have been gradually absorbed, and. when two vessels lie side by side, the lateral walls also partially. The resorption usually takes place at an early period; in seedlings during the first stages of germination; in the secondary cortex shortly after the cells in question have separated from the cambi- um. The connection between distant laticiferous vessels is brought about in two ways; either by rows of cells that run transverse'y coalescing with each other, or by protuberances Avhich unite m their growth, and which finally form canals similar to tho^e of the Conjugate. Even before the first septa are absorbed, the cells are characterized by special contents, of which latex is probably a con- stituent. A Curious Growth of Coreopsis. — Late in the summer of 1873 I observed a remarkable growth of Coreopsis, apparently C. rliscoidea, though the plants were so dwarfed and the floral organs so imperfectly developed that I name the species with much hesi- tancy. in what is known as the "Big Woods," eight miles southwest of this place ( Wheaton College, DuPage County, Illinois), there oc- cur ponds or swamps, with no natural outlet, and bottoms of tena- cious brick clay subsoil, several feet in thickness. These mud po or swamps are filled up by the winter and spring rains, but dry out in midsummer. The plants of which I am speaking grew two feet above the ground on the steins of Ceph ilanthus bushes, which wore standing inoneofthosedried-oul ponds. Long, slender roots (resemb- ling the stems or Dodder), followed closely the fissures of the Cepli- alanthus bark down to r,he soil where they develop normally, thus connecting by a slender thread, as it were, the tuft of green herbage ab >ve with the moisture supplying e irth below. The best d ■ v dop- ed plants were found highest up, though all were nearly on the same "horizon." Lower down I could see undeveloped seeds stick- ing to the hark, some of which had sprouted but failed to grow, ap- parently for want of moisture. It seems most likely that the seeds floating on the surface of the water during i ison of floods collected around the bushes; that the water remain sd standing until the time of their germination, and l be : »wly subside, and thus the roots following this re- treating source of moisture-supply were led down to the ground. The plants, as befor L, ire very much dwarfed, 4 to 6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. inches in height, but branching profusely, with stems varying in size from 1-16 to 1-1 inch in diameter. The roots exhibited little tendency to branch in the downward course, though in some in- tances dividing once or twice. If lateral fibers were developed they had mostly disappeared.— R. T. Morgan, Wheaton, DuPage County. Illinois. The Postage on Botanical Specimens— In his new "Flora of Washington" Mr. Ward states that "the law forbids the send- ing of labels, of which any part is written, as third-class matter, and it is necessary to give each label a temporary number and put with the specimen a corresponding printed figure (cut out of a cal- endar) and to send the labels hi a letter. * * * A very sensible de- cision was made by Postmaster-General Key that scientific labels, bills of lading, etc'., if they contained nothing irrelevant, might pass with the specimens. ' This raling has since been reversed as not in harmony with the spirit of the law." The writer adds that he "called personally at the Post-Office Department (Dec. 6. 1881), and was officially assured of the correctness of the statements here- in made11 (p. 231). At the instauce of some of my students, I applied by letter to the Department, April 25, 1882, for"in formation as to the present raling, receiving in reply a printed order, dared Feb. 21. 1831, signed by Postmaster-Genera 1 Maynard. The part relating to botanical speci- mens reads as follows: ''It is ordered that Section 232, Postal Reg- ulations, be revoked, and in lieu thereof the fbl lowing order is made: Mailable matter of the first-class shall embrace all matter wholly or partially in writing, except ' as herein provided. * * * The exceptions' are as' follows: * * 7. Upon matter of the fourth-class the sender may write his own name and address preceded by the word 'from,' and also the number and names of the articles enclosed. He may a-so write upon or attach to any ,-nch articles, by tr.g or label. a mark or number, name or letter, for purpose of identification.'" The italicised words, not italicised in the order, were underscored in the copy sent to me. A knowledge of this fact may spare exchanging botanists some annoyance.— Wm. Trelease, Madison, Wis. Ferns of Iowa.— Miss Mary E. Wood reports the following ferns collected by her on the Makoqueta River, about fifty miles west of Dubuque, Iowa: Asplenwm ft lix-fmnina,A- thelypteroides, A.angustifolium, As- pidium Goldianum, A. Thelypteris, Adiantum pedatum, Campto- sorus rhizophyUus, Cystopteris bulbif&a, C.fragilis, Onoclea sensibi- lis, Osmunda Claytoniana, Phegopieris hexagonoptera, Botrychium tcrnatum, Pellcpa atropurpurce, P. gracilis, P'teris aqnilina, SUu- tli iopteris Genua a ica. 74 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. The 'Exogenous Flora of Lincoln Co., Mississippi, from Octo- ber to May. — The subjoined list, though very far from exhaustive, is believed to be correct. The times of flowering may represent the somewhat abnormal conditions of the present year. Coming here, til e last ol September, after the prolonged drought of '81, many plants which, should have been flowering were scorched to the ground. The first rain brought out a second bloom of many spring flowers. Rosacea? were especially thus represented. In December, roses, Viola odorata, and most of the garden bulbs, Narcissi and Hyacinths, were blooming. The exceptionally warm and rainy winter has given place to a spring which old residents pronounce three weeks earlier than asual. Some geological considerations may also so effect the Flora as to make it not altogether what one would expect in the Pine Barrens. Throughout this sandy region, running between the Pearl river and the first tier of counties east of the Mississippi, until lost in the Yazoo Hills, is a belt of stiff, red clay, with occasional out-crop- pings of the "Buckshot" soil of north-eastern Mississippi.— Martha B. Flint, Shelbyville, Kentucky. OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER. Ascyrum stans, Micbx. Chrysopsis grarninifolia, Nutt. var. obovatnm. gossypina, Nutt. Crux-Andrea?, B. villosa, Nutt. Mariana, Nutt. Pluchea fcetida, DC. Ambrosia trifida, L. artemisiaefolia, L. pumilum. Michx. April. Hypericum Drummondii, T. & G. Desmodium huinif'uaurn, Beck. viridiflorurn, Beck. Bespedeza procumbens, Michx. repens, T. & G. angustifolia, Gr. Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz. Centrosema Virginianum, Benth Cassia occidentalis, L. Chamaecrista, L. nictitans, L. var. asper. Sidaspinosa, L. Abutilon Avicennae, Gaertn. Penthorum sedoides, B. Circaea Lutstiana, L. (Enothera biennis, L. Diodia Virgiuica, L. teres, Walt. Vernonia fasciculata, Michx. Eupatorium parvifloruni, L. perfoliatum, L. serotinum, Michx. aromaticum, L. Mikania scandeus, L. Conoclinium coelestij am, B Aster sericeus, Vent. concolor, B. patens, Ait. tenuifolius, L Xanthium strumarium, L. Ptiulbeckia laciniata, B. hirta, L. triloba, B. Helianthus laetiflorus, Pers. Bidens bipinnata, B. frondosa, B. Helenium tenuifolium. Nutt. Veibascum Thapsus, B. Blattaria, B. Conobea multirida, Benth. Gerardia purpurea, B. var. fasciculata, Chap. Cichorium Intybus, B. Bouelia glandulosa, Walt. inflata, B. puberula, Michx. Rnellia ciliosa, Pursh. Verbena angustifolia, Michx. Teucrium Canadense, B. Isanthus cceruleus, Michx. Pycnanthemum Tullia, Benth Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers. Beonurus Cardiaca, B. Beonotis nepetsefolia, Br. Heliotropium Indicum, B. & H. Iporncea Nil, Both. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 75 adnatus, Nutt. squarrosus, Walt. Evigeron Canadense, L. Diplopappus linariifolius, Hook. Solidagovirgata, L. rigida, L elliptica, L. tortitblia, Ell. odora, Ait. var. inodora. radula, Nutt. tenuif'olia. Pursh. Arabis Ludoviclana, Meyer. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Mceuch. Lepidiuni Virgiaicum, L. Stellaria media, Smith. Ranunculus fasciculans, Muhl. alismaefolius, Geyer. repens, L. pusillus, Poir. abortivus, L. sceleratus, L. Cardamine rhomboidea, DC. hirsuta, L. var. sylvatica. Viola lanceolata, L. primulajfolia, L. cucullata, Ait. var. cordata. pedata, L. var. bicolor. Oerastium nutans, Raf. Sagina decumbens, 6r. Oxalisviolacea, L. stricta, L. Acetosella, L. (rare) Delphinium azureum, Michx. Lrriodendron Tulipifera, L. Podophyllum peltatum, L. Nasturtium officinale, L. sessililiorum, Nutt. Polygala nana, DC. Trir'olium Carolinianum, Michx. pratense, L. procumbens, L. Robin ia Pseudacacia, L. Wistaria frutescens, DC. Desmodium rigidum, DC. (?) Styrax grandirlora, Ait. Potentilla Canadensis, L. var. simplex. Fragaria Indica, L. Virginiana, Ehrhart Rubus villosus, Ait. cuneir'olius, Pursh. Jacquemontia tamnifolia, Crigeb. Cuscuta compacta, Juss. Physalis angulata, L. Gentiana ochroleuca, Frad. Asclepias incarnata, L,, var. pulchra Chenopodium Botrys, L. ambrosioides, L. Var. anthelminticum. Amarantus paniculatus, L. retroflexus, L. Croton capitatus, Michx. Gelsemium sempervirens, Ait. (Feb.) JANUARY. pubera, Michx. Houstonia minima, Beck. Osmanthus Americana, B. & H. FEBRUARY. Prunus Caroliaiana, Ait. Americana, Marshall. Chicasa, Michx. Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G., var. [Botryapium. Veronica serpyllifolia, L. peregrin a, L. arvensis, L. Plantago heterophylla, Nutt. Houstonia ccerulea, L. Cynthia Dandelion, DC. Vaecinium tenellum, Ait. Salvia lyrata, L. var. obovata. Brunella vulgaris, L. Lamium amplexicaule, L. Gelsemium sempervirens, Ait. Dichondra repens, Forst. var. Carolinensis, [Choisy. MARCH. Houstonia purpurea, L. Erigeron Philadelphicum, L. quercifolium, Lam. Coreopsis grandirlora, Nutt. Gnaphalium purpureum, L. Antennaria plantaginifolia, Br. Senecio lobatus, Pers. aureus, L. Cirsium horridulum, Michx. Krigia Virginica, Willd. var. dichotoma. Caroliniana, Nutt, Bignonia capreolata, L. Sonchus asper, Vill. oleraceus, L. Gaylussacia dumosa, T. & G. var. hirtella, Gr. Vaecinium arboreum, Marshall. stamineum, L. j6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. trivialis, Michx. Rhododendron nudiflora, L. Rosa laevigata, Michx. Nepeta Glechoma, L. nitida, Willd. Scutellaria parvula, Michx. Crataegus Pyracantha, Pers. (intro- Phlox pilosa, L. [duced) amcena, Sims. apiifolia, Michx. Melia Azderach, L. (introduced.) aestivalis, T. & G. Chionauthus Virginica, L. Pyrus angustifolia, Ait. Asarum ariifolium, Michx. Itea Virginica, L. Rumex crispus, L. Liquidambar styraciflua, L. Morus rubra, L. Oenothera sinuata, L. Quercus Phellos, L. var. humistrata, Gr. virens, L. (rare.) linearis, Michx. aquatica, Catesby. Cornus florida, L. falcata, Michx. Nyssa multirlora, Wang. nigra, L. Lonicera sempervirens. Ait. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. grata, Ait. Ostry a Virginica, Willd. Mitchella repens, L. Astragalus mollissimilS, Ton.— A short time ago, my friend. Dr. Isaac Ott of East on, Penn., received from a stock bleed- er in Western Kansas, a wild plant, know there by the name of '"loco.'' and said to produce injurious and often fatal effects upon cattle and horses who eat it, causing paralysis and other functional disturbances. Dr. 0., who is a skilliul investigator of poisons and their action upon animal and vegetable organisms, fully confirms the reports of the herdsmen as to the deleterious properties of this plant. At my request, he procured for me specimens with flowers and full-growxi pods, and it proved to be Astragalus mollissimus, Torr. From the quantity sent, its vigorous growth so early in the season, its strong, deep roots and its numerous, short, thick stems, it is fair to infer that it is at home and abounds in that region. — Thos. C. Porter. Equisetum varieg-atum, Schleich.— Mrs. A. E. Bush, of San Jose, Cal., has sent me specimens of an Equisetum, collected at the hills near that city, April 22, which must be referred to the above species. The stalks are densely tufted, and the grooves of the stem vary from 5 to 10, but are commonly 6 or 7; one large stalk had 11. This species is not mentioned in the "Botany of California" and to my knowledge has not been reported from this state hitherto. It appears in Colorado (Porter and Coulter), and from 111. to N. H., and northward. — Lucieist M. Underwood, Wesl. Univ., Bhomington, III. Early Fungi. — I have received to-day from Southern Illinois, through Mr. F. S. Earle, fresh specimens of the following fungi: Urocystis poin,])Jioligodes,Sc\il.,<m Ranunculus fascicularis ; < 'ystopus candidus, (Per^s.) on Capsella &ursa-pastoris and Peronospora mvea, Ung., on Geranium Carolinianum. They are well developed and in good condition for study, and Mr. Earle tells me the Cystopus has been so all winter. — A. B. Seymour, University of Illinois, Cham- paign. Botanical Paper. E. MORRISON, Paper Warehouse, No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 2S lbs., at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, standard size and weight, 65 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire. Drying paper always kept on hand. CATALOGUE OF id mm This catalogue, which lias been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets, has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cts. per copy, or three for $1.00, by addressing either, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. or Prof. Chas. U. Barnes, LaFayette, Ind- PROM THE Cascade Mountains. The subscriber has sets of 300 species of plants of Washington Territory, collected in the Cascade Mountains. Several are new species, some of which have not yet been published. Over 70 per cent, are represent- ed by both fruit and flowers, i'he rates will be $8.00 Per Hundred. Sets will be sent by mail, and lists will be written for inquiring parties. W. N. SUKSDORF, White Salmon, Klickitat Co., Washington Territory. KCIMI The Gazette will print exchange notices for 10 cents an insertion. Let all botanists who desire to arrange for exchanging at the close of the present season send in their names and wants in time for the next issue of the Gazette. The notices will be printed in the following style: John Smith, Boston, Mass.— New England for Southern and Western plants. Richard Brown, Savannah, Ga.— Wishes to buy or exchange for Asplenium ebenoides. Botanical Gazette, Crawfordsville, Ind. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned: Am. Agriculturist ($1.G0 a year) $2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1 80 Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) 3 60 Torrey Bulletin ($1 .CO a year) 1 85 Leisure Hour 1 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy season's exploration of S. Arizona and have added a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium. They solicit early orders from (heir old customer and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num- Dcrjincluding all the new ones.at 10 cts. each. N ew ones alone 25 cents each . Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. Aga ve Shottii, Q) 50 each . Mammilaria pecti- nata (oi 50each. LUium Parryi % 5!i cents. A small quantity oi seeds ot the new ana beau- tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and for sale. The t; ee is sure to become very' pop- ular as it will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with quadangular branchlets A lew seeds of the Pinus Ariz- onica'B.nA P. Chihuahauu, &c. Address, J. G. LEMMON, OAKLAND, Cal. Arizona Plants. The undersigned has made very large collections of plants in Arizona and adjoining regions, and will dispose of them at voi low rates. He will also exchange specimens for standard Medical and Surgical works, either new or second hand. For lists and terms applv to HENRY H. RUSBY, Franklin, N. J. gQ^In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette. Full Sets of the Gazette! The Editors of the Botanical Gazette are now ready to furnish complete sets of Back Numbers. Single Volumes for $1 per Volume ; The Six Volumes Complete for $5! ADDRESS: BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Crawfordsville, Ind. TO BOTANISTS. We take pleasure in announcing as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof. Ed- ward Tuekerman of Amherst College, The title is as follows: "A Synopsis of the North American Lichens, Vol. l. Comprising the Parmeliacei, Cladoniei and Oknogoniei.'1 The book is 8vo. in size, and contains nearly 300 pages. The work is not stereotyped and an extremely limited edition lias been printed. The price has been fixed at .f3.50, but orders received before March 1st will be filled 10 per cent. less. Orders should be sent direct to us as no discount will be allowed to "the trade" on this book. Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to ifS.OO after a certain number of , npies have been sold. S. L\ CASSINO, Publisher, mam. 32 Hawley Street, Boston. July, 1882. The Vol. VII, No. 7. '<$ CLUB In, V ^W YO*«b Botanical Gazette. A PAPER OF Botanical Notes. TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 1 0 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1 00 CONTENTS Page. Editorial 77 Exogenous Flora of Lincoln Co., Miss. M. B. Flint .81 Beitraege zur Morphologie und Phys- iologic der Pilze, DeBary & Woro- nin. J.T.Tothrock 81 Respiration of Plants. J M. C 84 Notes from Northern Iowa. R. J. Cratty : . . . . 85 Page. Osmunda cinnamomea. /. C- Martin- dale 86 Action of Acid on Cellulose and Starch-grains. E.J. Hill 87 Vitality of Seeds. /. C. Arthur .... 88 Curious Growth on Honey-locust. F. L. Harvey 88 JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind., M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind., Editors and Publishers. CRAAVFORDSVILLE, iND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1882. THE A MONTHLY PAPER OF j - botanical' notes. VOLUME 111. ADVERTISING RATES. 1 time. 6 times. 12 times. JsCCol $ 1 00 4 50 6 75 M Col $ 2 00 9 00 13 50 Col $ 4 00 18 00 27 00 ICol ; 8 oo 36 00 54 00 lPage .fl6 00 72 00 108 00 J^gf* Advertisements less than >£ of a col- umn inserted at 20 cents per line, counting eight words a line. We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaching the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt atten- tion. M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. Terms. — Subscription, $1 per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, 10 cents. The paper will be invariably- stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHNM. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. The Gazette for 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are anx ious to receive from all any notes that are worthv of record and any informa tion of general interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of plants, or botanical books. and instru- ments, the Gazette cannot be excell- ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor with botanical friends,* not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country Sample copies will be mailed upon application J. M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. , CLUB. * Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. JULY, 1830. No. 7 Editorial. — In the Torrey Bulletin for June the editors continue their valuable list of the state and local floras of the United States. This is the third paper and is devoted to the south-eastern states, embracing Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Georgia seems to have been most poorly provided for, but a single local list having been made in the whole state. Proe. A. B. Seymour, in the last Gazette, was made responsi- ble for a rather meaningless note. His note upon "Early Fungi" bore the date of March 5 in the manuscript, but no date appeared in print, thus making it lose all its force. We would suggest that our readers date the note referred to, that it may not be lost sight of. Mr. Chas. E. Smith, of Philadelphia, writes reporting a new station for Corema Conradii. He says : UI learned that Corema Conradii grew on Shawangunk Mountain, Ulster Co., N. Y., and as the plant has disappeared from two of the four localities formerly known (New Jersey and Long Island) I went there and got it. In the struggle for existence it appears to be getting the worst of it, and is dying out. On the second of May I found it in full bloom. The Index to the genus Carex omits C. Porter i, Olney, found by Prof. Porter in Maine ; C. glaucodea, Tuck., found in New Jer- sey ; and gives UC. Fraseriana, Sims, no synonym.'1 Gray writes it C. Fraseriana, Sims ; Chapman C. Ftaseri, Sims; Boott in his Carices writes C. Fraseri, Andrews, syn. C. Fraseriana, Sims, and adcts a note giving names and dates of publication to justify the name Fraseri and Andrews as the authority. For these corrections we are indebted to Mr. Chas. E. Smith. Mr. Joseph Jackson, Jr., of Millbury, Mass., is contributing to the Worcester Daily Spy some very interesting notes on the flora of that neighborhood. The subject is treated in a popular way which makes it interesting to the unscientific reader. The ar- ticles really furnish lists of the first appearance of the plants of that region, accompanied by appropriate remarks. As soon as 50 species have been enumerated they are published, thus making at the close of the season quite a complete catalogue. Prof. V. Cesati, Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples, * has offered for sale his large collection of plants. It consists of about 49,000 species, 32,000 being phanerogams, the whole con- taining over 350,000 specimens. The phanerogams are classified 78 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. according to DeCandohVs system, and are represented in many in- stances by original specimens. The collection is mounted on white paper and arranged in volumes. Prof. Cesati also offers for sale the autographs of 2,500 botanists. Persons desiring to obtain these collections, which contain plants from all over the world, should address Prof. Cesati before the end of August. H. Baillon has just published in Paris his Monographie des Composees. In Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum this great order contains 780 genera, although the work of reduction was so rigidly performed that some genera were afterwards reinstated. Baillon has reduced the number of genera to 403, and in the sense that generic consolidation is a better fault than the opposite ex- treme this is commendable. Dr. Gray, for whose opinion in such matters we always look, says that even yet Baillon "keeps up sever- al genera which Ave find it impossible to maintain; and there are others which should have been suppressed upon his principles, though not upon ours.1' Hugo DeVries claims to have found the function of resinous matters in plants. That they were excrementitious has long since been given up, for their withdrawal from the plant proves to be an injury rather than a benefit. Hence they must be of some use to the plant, for in these days we do not believe so much that things were made for us as that we find in them and use what was made for themselves. DeVries thinks that in resin-producing plants the resinous juice is stored in the tree as a balm for wounds. Being stored up under tension it is immediately poured out over a wound- ed surface. _ No better dressing could be found than this rapidly ox- idizing liquid, which excludes air and moisture and germs which induce decay. _ The University of Minnesota will open a summer school during the coming season, beginning July 5th, to continue four weeks. The course in Botany will be conducted by Prof. J. C. Ar- thur, whose name and reputation are well known to readers of the Gazette. Laboratory work will be a prominent feature, and the subjects presented will be Morphology of the Vegetable Cell; Spen'al Structure of Plants, considered by Classes; Vegetable His- tology and Physiology; Bibliography and History of Botany. A personal acquaintance with "Mr. Arthur in the laboratory gives the writer an opportunity to heartily recommend his work "and meth- ods to those desiring such instruction. He can be addressed at Charles City, Iowa, until July; after that at Minneapolis. The Gardeners' Monthly for June is an unusually interest- ing number. Mr. Meehan is called upon to puncture a good deal of nonsense, and usually does so in a very sprightly way. In the •number referred to. among other things, he noticed"a curious paper read at the recent Forestry Convention held in Cincinnati, in which th - writer suj I '• that the examination of cro - ections in atr< would show when the. seasons in the past were dry seasons, and 3— thin layers indicating the dry and broad on- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 79 wet. Mr. Meelian suggests that by taking sections at different places in the same log we would find the same layer bearing all kinds of testimony. The writer has heard classes gravely informed that the above was the fact, and also that the rings of growth found in fossil trees necessarily indicated seasons of cold and warmth. In the last instance a bright boy rather nonplussed the teacher by ask- ing if there were no exogenous trees in the tropics. Peof. F. C. Phillips, of Western University, Penn., has been experimenting upon the effects produced upon plants by being grown in soil impregnated with certain metallic oxides. His con- clusions are as follows: . . 1. That healthy plants, grown under favorable conditions, may absorb through their roots small quantities of lead, zinc, copper and arsenic. 2. That lead and zinc may enter the tissues m this way without causing any disturbance in the growth, nutrition and functions o± the plant. 3. That the compounds of copper and arsenic exert a distinctly poisonous influence, tending, when present in larger quantity, to check the formation of roots, and either killing the plant or so far reducing its vitality as to interfere with nutrition and growth. New Stations for Rare Plants— 1. Botrychium matricariwfo- Uum, Al. Br. About June 10 of last summer, in company with Prof. Joseph Milliken of Columbus, 0., I made an excursion for plants in the vicinity of this city. In a thicket on a northern slope, we found a specimen of this little fern. Going down on our hands and knees and making a thorough search, we finally counted eighty- four (84) specimens growing on an area of three or four 'square rods. This plant grows quite abundantly in eastern New York and in New England. But I have never before known it to be found west of the Alleghanies and south of Lake Superi-.-r. I have no doubt, though, that it grows on many a damp shady hill- side with a northern exposure, in the states of Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio. It should be looked for during the month of June. 2. Veratrum Woodii, Bobbins. This plant grows im the woods about" Dayton, 0. My attention was first called to it by finding it transplanted from the woods to a neighbor's door-yard. The plants were very few and far between, however, till I found quite a patch of it near Ludlow Falls, 17 miles above Dayton, on the banks of the Stillwater river. In one spot I counted fifteen (15) plants ; the trouble was however that only four or five of them threw up flower stalks, so that I did not get many specimens.— A- P. Morgan", Cincinnati. Eve,; the curious Aster adnatus is already in bud. Two things im- press me as distinctive of the scenery and of the woodlands b re. So BOTANICAL GAZETTE. There is very little of the freshness and the exuberance of vegeta - ble growth which, farther north, characterize the time. There is. literally, no spring, no period of complete transition, no universal awakening into life. Plants doze through the mild winter and are quite undecided what to do, even when the equinox is past. The Star Anise and the Magnolias simultaneously bloom, unfold their new shoots and drop last years leaves. The winter annuals are ripening their seeds and dying when, by the calendar, we should only expect young leaves and opening buds. Another feature of the southern forests, noticeable even here, where the luxuriance of growth is much less than on the rich allu- vial lands, is the great number of vines and showily blooming trees and shrubs. Over a muddy bayou hang the Cherry. Laurel, the graceful Euonymus, the Styrax and the Farkle-berry with its deli- cate sprays of bloom, all interwoven with the wiry stems and pro- fuse gold of the Yellow Jessamine, and hung with the tawny red trumpets of the Cross Vine. Or. later, beneath the Magnolias and Sweet Bays are thickets of gleaming Hydrangea and Itea, overrun with the scarlet Honeysuckles and the fragrant Forsteronia. In the herbaceous growth of the open barrens Leguminosce are now greatly in preponderance, although I judge that in the advancing summer they will be displaced bv the coarser Composite. APRIL. Magnolia grandifiora, L. glauca, L. acuminata, L. Malva rotundifolia, L. Modiola multifida, Mcench. Drosera brevifolia, Pursh. Geranium Carolinanum, L. Rhus copallina, L. Toxicodendron, L. var quercifolia. var. radicans. aromatica, Ait. Vitis Labrusca, L. vulpina, L. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx Euonymus Americana, L. Polygala Boykinii, Nutt. fasti giata, Nutt. Sesbania macrocarpo. Muhl. Stylosanthes elatior, Sw. Scbrankia uncinata, Willd Psoralea melilotoides, Michx. var. eglanduiosa ( ?) Decumaria barbara, L. Speculariapeifoliata, A. DC. Ludoviciana, Torr. Fedia radiata, Michx. Maruta Cotula, DC Erigeron strigosum, Muhl [lex opaca, Ait. Dahoon, Wait decidua, Walt. Lobelia Nuttallii, R. & S. Catalpa speciosa, Warder. Pentstemon pubescens, Sol. gracilis, Nutt. Digitalis, Nutt. Plantago major, L. Virginica, L. Pcdicularis Canadensis, L. Verbena Aubletia, L. Scutellaria serrata, Andrews parvula, Michx. Dianthera humilis, Gray. Ruellia ciliosa, Nees. Physalia Pcnnsylvanica, X., var angulata, L. Capsicum annuus, L. (nat.) Datura Tatula, L. Spigelia Marylandica, L. Asclepias variegataj L. tuberosa, L. Asclepiodora viridis, Gray. Polygonum incarnatum, Ell hydropiporoides, Michx acre, HBK. aviculare, L. Euphorbia corollata, L. var. angustitolia Otitis Mississippiensis, Rose Pilea pumila, Gray. [data, lance I BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 81 MAY. Cleome pungens, Willd. Desmodium paniculatuni, DC Malva sylvestris, L. Psoralea canescens, Michx. Cocculus Carolinus, DC. [Gr.Tephrosia Virginica, Pers. Hypericum Canadense, L., var. major, epicata, T. & G. Drummondii, T. & G. hispidula, Pursh. Polygala incarnata, L. Crotalaria Purshii, DC. Erythrina herbacea, L. Solidago radula. Nutt. Passiflora incarnata, L. Aster patens, Ait. lutea, L. surculosus, Michx. Rhexia Mariana, L. Echinacea augustifolia, DC Hydrangea quercifoiia, Bartram. Rudbeckia hirta, L. arborescens, L. Coreopsis lanceolata, L. Hydrocotyle interrupta, Muhl. Helianthus occidentalis, T. & G. Sanicula Canadensis, L. dororiicoides, Lam. Eryngium prostratum, Baldv/in. Cirsium Virginianum, Michx. Discopleura capillacea, DC Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus, DC. Thaspium barbinode, Nutt. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC. Sambucus Canadensis, L. Solanum nigrum, L. Lonicera sempervirens, Ait. Carolinense, L. grata, Ait. Forsteronia difFormis, A. DC. Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. Saururus cernuus , Willd. Galium hispidulum, Michx. Phytolacca decandra, L. Helenium tenuifolium, Nutt. Callicarpa Americana, L. Ceanothus Americana, L. Martha B. Flint, Brookhaven, Miss. " Beitraege zur Morphologie unci Physiologie der Pilze, von A. DeBart und M. Woronin. Fuenfte Reihe. Beitrag zur Kentniss der Ustilagineen, mit vier Tafeln."— In this important contribution to Mycological literature we .have an attempt to form a philosophical system of classification of the Ustilaginece upon the peculiarities of spore growth and "sporidia" production. It is quite needless to say that it is based upon the quiet assumption that the time has come for giving life history more, and a single phase of life history less weight in our systems of classification. Of course beside -the leading idea of the contribution many isolated facts of value find place in this clearly written and beautifully illustrated memoir. We can only give the more important in this brief resume. Plate I represents Tuburcinia Trientalis, which in its conidial state covers the under side of the leaves of Trientalis Europwa, L. The specimen was taken early in June. Sections made through the young leaves of the host show an abundant ramification of the cross-partitioned hyphse beneath the epidermis, and between and into the chlorophyll-bearing cells. These threads reach the air either through a stoma, or sometimes directly between the epidermis cells. Some of the escaping threads creep in a tortuous manner over the leaf surface ; others are erect and terminated by a single inversely pear-shaped conidium. Sowing these conidia on a grow- ing Trientalis leaf and after a short time removing the epidermis it- will be seen that the conidial threads have reached the interior of the leaf between the cells of the epidermis. Plate II gives the condition of affairs in late summer, when a transverse section through the stem shows spore masses in the 82 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. central, but more largely in the superficial parts of the preparation. The mode of formation of these spore masses is strikingly suggest- ive of other Carposporece. Essentially it consists in one or two" end cells from the same or different threads becoming bladder-like [and contents dividing into spore masses?], whilst around these, delicate filaments spin themselves so quickly and closely that whafc: trans* pires in the center can only be conjectured. This outer krt'dt-like protecting case appears from the figures to be more or less com- pletely absorbed or reduced by the growth and pressure of .the spore masses. Examining these affected Trientalis plants in the cold wet weather of autumn it will be discovered that the dark-brown spore masses show signs of growth. Placing these under a microscope and keeping them in a moist atmosphere one may see the individual spores sending out transparent thickish promycelia as growing tubes. Each of these tubes terminates in a basidial cell, which m turn produces 4 to 8 "primary sporidia." The use of the term sporidia in this sense is according to Tulasne. (The sainQ word it is to be observed is used by our American botanists more frequent- ly for the spore-like bodies found in asci of the Ascomycetous fungi .) See plate III, figures 1-12. Between pairs of these "primary sporidia" copulation occurs at the base laterally, rarely at the sum- mit. It appears that from these "primary sporidia" secondary ones may be produced directly', with or without a previous copulation. After the fall of the "sporidia," the basidia which supported them may give rise to delicate colorless threads. From the secondary sporidia tertiary ones may be produced and copulation occur betvr them. Or a sporidium may produce another sporidium on one side mid on the other a growing tube. Not only two. but three or more primary sporidia may copulate and then may each produce second- ary sporidia ; or a single sporidium which has not copulated may produce even three successive generations of sporidia. Evident!}* if this copulation, so-called, has anything whatever to do with repro- duction or specific perpetuity, it sits very lightly, so far as necessity is concerned. In from 15 to 20 days after sowing the conidia of Tuburcinia upon the Trientalis leaf the charasteristic black spots appear. Ob- servation has made it very clear tbat both wind and insect-: by car- rying the conidia aid in infecting plants previously healthy. These conidia, after sending their tubes between the epidermic cells of the host, develop around their point of entry a mycelium mass, each for itself, which remains well divided from those produced by other conidia. This Tuburcinia Trientalis furnishes, not the firsts but the best illustration ofconidial production among the Ustilaginece. Tuburcinia has both its conidia and its sporidia on ths same ant, as ithor hazards the con- that other link-:. found, comparable to those of the Uredinece, which will fairly make out another example of heteroe- < ism. For w -:pace we pass by tin1 experiments upon Sorospori- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 8j nm Saponaria?, Rudolph, and Sorosporium Junci, Rudolph, which are regarded as representing different genera, and accordingly the latter is named Tolysporium Junci. Plate IV. figures 1, 2, 3. 4 show the spore masses of this last and the mode of germination ; figures 5, 6, 7, 8 reveal the mode of production of the sporidia, which orcur in whorls on the thickish, jointed promycelium and copulate by their upper ends. Thecapkord hyalina, Fingerh., though it has been named Soro- )rium hyalinum, is distinguished from this genus by both spore s' rue care and mode of growth. As the period of vitality of these spores is but brief, all culture experiments with them must be made with fresh specimens. Plate III, fig 19, shows the brownish-yellow spore balls made up of from 2 to 20 verrucose spores. A very char- acteristic mark of these is the clear, round spot through which the germinating endospore tube protrudes. It is very suggestive of i Uredospores. This is shown by figures 20-22. Figures 24-26 show, instead of normal sporidia such as are found in Tolysporium and most of the Ustilaginece, a number of lateral non-septate branches produced upon the septate promycelium and those (the former) of the same promycelium copulate by their extremities, to accomplish which the lower bend upward and the upper downward, after which a long cell develops, becomes septate, and then accumulates all the protoplasm in its terminal segment. Sorosporium Astragali and S. Desmodii, both of Peck, are regarded on spore evidence as belonging to the genus Thecaphora. Figures 9 and 10 of Plate IV are devoted to formation of spori- dia by Entyloma Eryngii; 12-18 to E.Aschersonii; and 19-26 toE. Magmisii. Of these the last two species are removed from their former place in Sorosporium and on spore data placed in Entyloma. Whilst copulation of sporidia in Entyloma is common, it does nor occur in E. Aschersonii. Figures 27-35 of the same plate sh Melanotcenium endogenum, de Bary, which grows on Galium Mollu- go and G.' rerum. It was formerly known as Protomyces endogem linger, and P. Galii, Rabh. Here we find strong mycelium and haustoria, the latter of which sometimes take up one-third of the cell intowhich they enter. The spores are dark-brown', oval, and germinate by protrusion of the endospore and production of a pro- mycelium, and show in their mode of growth a relationship to Enty- loma, as de Bary had suggested. From the summit of this strong promycelium several oblong sporidia develop and these copulate by their apices, of course while still attached to the promycelium. The following is an abstract of the Ustilaginece as arranged in this paper : I. No 'sporidia" produced directly from the slowing spore. a. Spores produce many -celled tubes or threads, which remain eitbei simple and unbranehed, or whose terminal plasma-containing cell has several lateral, irregular, divided branches. Tbe; un- branchcd terminal joint can tor a time live and grow if separate! from tlie empty cells below. 1. Sorosporium, Rudolph!. % S. Sdponarim, Ruftelplii. 84 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. b. The threads from the spores produce a limited growth which devel- ops into a promycelium ; this instead of "sporidia" proper pro- duces slender branches, which, growing toward each other, copu- late by their ends. From this point of union another growth be- gins. 2 Thecaphora, Fiugerh. T. hyalina, Fingerh. II. The promycelium by transverse septa divides itself into several cells from each of which one or more "sporidia" are produced. 3. Ustilago, Link. (Persoon, Tulasne.) 4. Schizonella, Schroeter (in Cohn's Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pfl. II Bd. p. 362.) 5. Tolysporium, mihi. T. Junci. (Syn. Sorosporium Junci, Schr.) III. The promycelium produces on its end a whorl of 2 to 8, usually spin- dle shaped branches ("sporidia") which by pairs usually copulate sidewise. With or sometimes without this copulation these "sporidia" produce either secondary "sporidia," or long, simple or branched thin mycelial threads. 6. Tilletia, Tulasne. 7. Entyloma, de Bar v. To which genus as before understood the two species E. Aschersonii and E. Magnmii are added 8. Melanot^enitjm, de Bary. M. endogenum, de Bary. This may yet be united with Entyloma. 9. Schroeteria, Winter. Schr. Delastrina, Winter. (8yn. Geminella Delaatrina, Schroeter.) 10. Urocybtis, Rabenhorst. Of this genus the mode of growth of but four species has been observed, i. e. U. occulta. Rab., U. pompholygodes, Rab., U. Violas, F. v. Wald., and TT.prim- ulicola, P. Magnus. U. Oorydalu, Niessl., (in Thuemen Mycoth. 1626) is more nearly related to Entyloma as here understood, but is very different from Entyloma Corydalis, de Bary. 11. Tttburcinia, Fries. T. Trientalis, Berkeley and Broome. IV. Mode of growth unknown. Here however are placed all the species of Sorosporium, Rudolph, and Thecaphora, Fingerh., whose*mode of growth has uot been certainly shown; and also the genus 12. Vossia, Thuemen. V. Molina1, Thuem. (Winter had placed this under Til- letia.) J. T. KOTHROCK. Respiration of Plants. — We were once taught that one of the essential differences between animals and plants is that the former exhale carbonic acid and inhale oxygen, while in the latter the process is reversed So long as chlorophyll-bearing plants alone wore studied this view was to a certain extent excusable, for the more abundant effects of assimilation obscured the comparatively small effects of respiration. But modern investigation has come to • a knowledge of the fact that the activities of every living cell. whether plant or animal, are similar, and that oxygen starvation is just i-i certain destruction for a plant cell as for an animal cell. The food used and the excretory products are in both eases the same. In regard to chlorophyll-Bearing plants then the additional sment can be made that some plants differ from most animals ml a]] other plants in being able to make' their own food. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 85 Now this using of food, called respiration, and common to all life, demands the presence of oxygen, and the question has arisen with regard to plants whether this oxygen is derived directly from the free oxygen of the air or is a sec- ondary product resulting from intramolecular decompositions. It has been observed that germinating plants will continue to evolve carbonic acid in an atmosphere of nitrogen or hydrogen, or in a vac- uum. Wortmann, observing that the amount of carbonic acid evolved from germinating plants was the same when placed in air or in a vacuum, proposed the theory "that all the carbonic acid pro- duced in plant respiration has its origin in intramolecular decompo- sitions ; or, in other words, that the free oxygen of the air takes no direct part in the formation of the carbonic acid in respiration.'1 Dr. W. P. Wilson, an American student at Tubingen, Wurtem- berg, has been experimenting upon this subject, and in the Am. Jour, of Science for June he gives a condensed abstract of some of his results, which will later be published in full. His experiments show that Wortmann's theory falls to the ground because it is founded upon a fallacy. That there is an intramolecular respiration as differing from a normal is easily proved, but that the amount of carbonic acid given off by the former equals that given off by the latter is untrue, for Dr. Wilson's experiments showed, in every case but one, a rapid diminution in the evolution of carbonic acid when he substituted an atmosphere of hydrogen for air. Hence the con- clusion is irresistible that the carbonic acid excreted in plant-respi- ration is a partial product of direct oxidation from the free oxygen of the air. W. Pfeffer shows that even if Wortmann's experiments had been verified his theory would still fail, because "if an equal amount of carbonic acid were formed in both intramolecular and normal respiration this would only prove that the same number of carbon affinities for oxygen had been satisfied in each case, but would in no way indicate from whence the supply of oxygen came. And nrcase free oxygen was active in normal respiration, still in intramolecular, when free oxygen was absent, the full suppty might yet be obtained through constant powerful attractive forces which could take oxygen from other combinations and in this way give rise to secondary changes.1' Dr. Wilson's experiments also verify what has previously been taught with regard to respiration, viz., that the presence of light does not in any appreciable degree direct- ly affect the amount of carbonic acid given off, a capital point to use in contrasting respiration and assimilation. — J. M. C. Notes from Northern Iowa. — Psoralen esculent a, Pursh, grows on dry knolls, but rarely matures fruit. This plant, the Pomme cle Prairie of the voyageurs, has large, starchy roots which are quite palatable to a botanist made hungry by a long tramp. P. argophylla, Pursh, is much more common than the former, pre- ferring lower grounds. I have not, after three seasons search, been able to find a single mature seed. It must, however, fruit in favor- able years. 86 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Polygonum Hartwrightii, Gray, is common in bogs. It has flowered here but once in four years — the summer of 1880 — and I was then so fortunate as to secure a good supply of specimens. None of the plants matured fruit. Helianffylts Maximiliani, Schrad.is very common on the prairies throughout this county. In grain fields it grows much larger, and is almost as troublesome as H. rigidus, L. This locality, I be- lieve, is the farthest north from which this species has been reported. Lespedeza leptosiqchya, Eng., is common on prairies. Luphanthus anisciius, Benth., is found in woods near Estherville. The peculiar Lygodesmia juneea, Don., I have found in a few localities. It chooses the driest knolls, where it seems to lead a precarious existence, so much so that I fear it will soon leave us entirely. Liatris punctata, Hook., produces a large number of stems from the same root; the outer ones generally being nearly prostrate. It is only found on the driest knolls. Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt., has been introduced from the north- west by cattle, and is becoming troublesome in some places. The plant is an annual, and makes a very rapid growth, the main stem often being over an inch in diameter, hollow, and very hard. < •alamagrostis stricta, Trim, occurs on wet prairies, a few culms only in a place. Bouteloua ol igostachya, Torr., grows on dry, sandy ridges, along with Carex sicccata, Dew., (Enothera serrulata, Nutt, an&Castilleia sessiliflora, Pursh. In June, 1880, Senecio palustris, Hook., made its appearance along the margin of one of our lakes, and also in wet ground near the state line of Minnesota. The larger plants, with hollow stems over an inch in diameter, grew about three feet high, and bore such a' profusion of golden yellow blossoms that it was impossible to press a whole plant in a specimen. Last season not a single speci- men could be found, which makes me fear that it did not come to stay. Last- season while searching along the margin of a small lake in the eastern part of this county, I came across a Potamogeton, bearing an abundance of large floating leaves. I sent it to Rev. Thomas Morong. of Ashland, Mass., who determined it to be P. II- Unoensis, described and named by him in the Bot. Gaz., Vol. V, page 50. It was first discovered by Mr. H. N. Patterson near Oquawka, Ills., the only other locality known. In a large bog, three miles from my home, I have found, with- in a radius of five rods, Salix ftiyrtilloides, L., Scheuchzeria palus- tris, L., Potent iUa palustris, Scop., Triglochin maritimum, L., var. '■latum, Gr., Eriophorum gracile. Koch., var. paucinervium, Eng., and Carex chordorhiza, Ehrh. — R. J. Ceatty, Estherville, Emmet Co., Iowa. Osmuncla dniiamomea, L.? var. frondosa, Gray— I have had growing in my yard for a number of years (brought orig- inally from Pennsylvania) a fine clump of Osmunda cinnamo- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 87 mea, and have admired it for its graceful habit. The sterile fronds o-ently curve backward so that the fertile fronds always stand erect in the center of the urn-shaped growth. There has been no change for ten years in the manner of development till the present season. Now two of the fertile fronds are partly sterile; in one the tip of the frond, for 13 pairs of pinnae, is fertile, then two pairs partly fertile, the remaining 5 pairs not being distinguishable from the entirely sterile fronds; the other has the tip and base sterile, and 3 pairs of pinnae out of the central portion fertile, and one pair part- ly fertile. Although the change from the fertile frond towards the sterile has taken place from the base towards the tip, in the pinnae \ hat are partly fertile the change is in the reverse order, that is from the tip towards the base. Usually after the discharge of the spores the fertile fronds wither and finally disappear, but in this case they have not withered, as have the other fertile fronds, but mantam their normal upright habit instead of curving backward. — Isaac C. Marthstdale, Camden, N. J. The Action of Acids on Cellulose and Starch-grains.— In the Botanical Gazette for May a discrepancy is shown be- tween a statement made in Sachs1 Text-book of Botany and some facts found bv experiment, and an explanation is asked. It refers to the action of acids on cellulose. In the fourth revised edition of Sachs1 Lehrbuch der Botanik (Leipzig, 1874.) this discrepancy does not exist. The translation by Bennett and Dyer was based on the third edition, and it is probable some change was made by the au- thor in the later work. But not possessing the translation nor any edition earlier than the fourth, I cannot compare them. The accuracy of the translation may be assumed from the competency of those who made it. The same subject is evidently treated in the fourth edition, page 640, where a paragraph is found referring to the action of acids on cellulose and starch-grains, and a figure of those of Hoija carnosa under the influence of this treatment is in- serted. A translation of the passage is given below.. It will be -seen that the per cent, of dilution is not stated, but is presumably .somewhere near that found, necessary by the experiments in Pur- due University. It is with the second mode of treatment that the violent action is said to occur. The first adjective might be rendered "violent," but hardly means this when compared with the second, where the primary meaning is violent. "Acids (especially sulphuric), greatly diluted with water, cause a stronger swelling (eine starkere Quellung) of starch-grains and cel- lulose than pure water, without however destroying their organiza- tion. After the acid is removed by washing they return to their for- mer condition. But at a higher concentration (bei hoeherer Concen- tration) the acid produces a violent swelling (eine heftige Quellung) of starch-grains and cellulose; they are changed into a pasty state: the protoplasm coagulates just as it does at a higher temperature. Concentrated sulphuric acid finally destroys their molecular struc- ture completely, causing a chemical change of substance; they are liquefied."— E." J. Hill, Enghwood, III. 88 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Prolonged Vitality of Seeds.— An interesting case of the germination of seeds of the wild crab-apple (Pirns coronaria) after lying dormant twenty-three years recently came to my notice. In 1859 Dr. J. W. Smith of this place built a frame barn about thirty feet from his dwelling, the foundation of which was a low wall of limestone laid upon the garden soil. In April of the present year the barn was removed, and twenty clays afterward the founda- tion also. As the Doctor pried up a bottom stone about twenty inches across, two small plants respectively an inch and an inch and a half high straightened themselves into an erect position. They were near the center of the stone and some three inches apart. A number of persons carefully examined them besides the Doctor. There seems to be no doubt that the seeds had been pro- tected by the building for this long period, and that when it was re- moved sufficient warmth and moisture had penetrated beneath the foundation wall to cause them to grow. — J. C. Aethur, Charles City, Iowa. Curious Growth on (xleditsehia triacanthos — Prof. P. L. Harvey, of the Arkansas Industrial University, sends the accom- panying figure to illustrate a growth on our honey locust in which he points out a strong resemblance to an animal standing erect up- on thorns, and bearing an armed snout. He mentions t-wo smah prominences standing in position and of a nature to represent eyes. The narrowed end was the point of attachment to the tree. 1 here are nine thorns on the front side (two are not shown, being behind a large thorn) and ten on the reverse, only four being shown m part. This monstrosity is curious and of course interesting enough to be recorded. Botanieal Paper. E. MORRISON, Paper Warehouse, No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs., at .$4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, standard size and weight, 155 lbs, per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire. Drying paper always kept on hand. CATALOGUE OF PLAITS. This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets, has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cts. per copy, or three for $1.00, by addressing either, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. or Prof. Chas. K. Barnes, LaFayette, Ind. r flCE. FROM THE Cascade Mountains. The subscriber has sets of 300 species of plants of Washington Territory, collected in the Cascade Mountains. Several are new species, some of which have not yet been published. Over 70 per cent, are represent- ed by both fruit and flowers. l'he rates will be $8.00 Per Hundred. Sets will be sent by mail, and lists will be written for inquiring parties. \\ . N. SUKSDORF, White Salmon. Klickitat Co., Washington Territory. ixgbaims. (One insertion ten cents.) R. J. Cratty, Estherville, Emmet Co.,Iowa.— Desires to exchange for any N. Am. spe- ci«s"notin his herbarium. J. C. Arthur, Charles City, Iowa.— Wishes 100 specimens of certain species of Drosera, Sarracenia. and Utricularia in exchange for Iowa plants j 2t Botanical Gazette. — Wishes the address of Miss Mary E. Wood, who had a note in the June Gazette upon Iowa Ferns. An exchange with her is desired. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned: Am. Agriculturist ($1.60 a year) $2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1 80 Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) 3 60 Torrey Bulletin ($1.00 a year) 1 85 Leisure Hour — 1 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy season's exploration of S. Arizona and have added a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium. They solicit early orders from their old customers and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num- oer)includingallthenewones,at 10 cts. each. New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. Agave Shottii, © 50 each. Mammilaria pecti- nata @ 50 each. Lilium Parryi @ 50 cents. A small quantity of seeds of the new and beau- tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and for sale. The tree is sure to become very pop- ular as it will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with quadaugular brnnchlets A few seeds of the Phi us Ariz- onica&ni P. Chihuahaua, &c. Address, J. G. LEMMON. Oakland, Cal. ~ \ 'M, Arizona Plants. 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Asa Gray.-WH Linnsea borealis. Asa Gray 112 Teratoiogical Notes. A. F. Foerste. ..112 JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind.y M. S. COULTER, Logamport, Ind.3 Editors and Jfuhlishers. C K AWFORD8VILLE, IND. REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 1882. THE <§i A MONTHLY PAPER OF BOTANICAL NOTES. ADVERTISING RATES. u 1 time. 6 times 12 times Gol a coi $ 1 00 4 50 6 $ 2 00 9 00 13 50 ^Col $ 4 00 18 00 1 Col $ 8 00 36 00 27 00! 54 00 lPage .$115 00 72 00 108 00 Jggg"* Advertisements less than \ of a col- umn inserted at 20 cents per line, counting eight words a line. We would call the attention of Advertisers to the above liberal rates. The circulation of the Ga- zette justifies us in claiming for it a place among the first class medi- ums for reaching the scientific pub- lic. Orders addressed to the under- signed will receive prompt atten- tion. M. S. COULTER, Box 1077, Logansport, Ind. Terms. — Subscription, $i per annum, in advance. Single num- bers, io cents. The paper will be invariably stopped when the subscription has expired. All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, .will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind The Gazette for" 1882 will continue to be devoted to the interests of botan- ists in general. Not being restricted to any department, any subject that re- lates to the science will be found in its pages. We ask the aid of botanists in making the Gazette indispensable to every working botanist. We are anx ious to receive from all any notes that are worthy of record and any inform a tion of genera] interest to botanists. As an advertising medium for the sale of plants, or botanical1 books and instru- ments, the Gazette cannot be excell- ed. Let botanists use their influence in our favor with botanical friends, not for charity's sake, for the Gazette is self-supporting, but that its usefulness may be increased and that it may be- come even a more complete index to the botanical activity of this country Sample copies will be mailed upon application J. M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. ^ OLUB. Botanical Gazette. Vol. VII. AUGUST & SEPTEMBER, 1882. Nos. 8 & 9. Editorial. — Mr. Joseph F. James has written a pleasant memoir of Clias. Darwin, which has been published in the Journal of the Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Re 7. A. B. Hervey sends word of the death of Dr. G. Dickie, F. L. S., of Aberdeen, Scotland, a well known British Algologist, which occurred July .15th. Mr A. C. Palmer, in the Am. Monthly Micr. Jour., calls at- tention to the fact that Nalas fiexilis furnishes a fine illustration of cyclosis, even better than the stock examples, Vallisneria and Anacharis. A correspondent, referring to Mr. Arthur's note on page 88 of the last Gazette asks: uTs Mr. Arthur quite sure that rats, or other vermin, had not carried the crab apples under the stone and left the seeds?" F. Reinitzer propounds the theory that transpiration is an injurious agent, a necessary evil, in the life of the plant. This view lie founds on the fact that transpiration exercises a retarding influ- ence on growth. M. Alph. DeCaadolle has just distributed a small pamphlet containing two papers; the first "Sur im Caractere de la Batate,1' and the other "Observation de M. Meehan sur la Variabilite du Cliene Rouvre (Quercus Robur) et Remarque de M. Alph. DeCan- dolle.'" Rev. E. L. Greene, in the Torre;/ Bulletin for September, describes seven new Californian Composite, four of which belong to the genus Hemizonia. Mr. Greene is coming rapidly to the front as a publisher of new species and his work among our western plants has been invaluable. Karl Richter has determined that the substance of the cell- wall of Fungi fails to display the ordinary reactions of cellulose because of the intimate mixture of the cellulose with a foreign substance which he eliminated by treating for a prolonged period with potash and washing with a weak acid, after which the blue coloring with chloriodide of zinc is obtained. The "cucumber odor" of the water which has been troubling Boston so much, has been traced to the presence, not of plants', go BOTANICAL GAZETTE. but of a fresh water sponge. The Nostocs must still stand respon- sible for the "pig-pen" odor, but the "cucumber odor" we hand over to^zoologists. Mr. Foerste, of Dayton, Ohio, writes that he has received a postal card from Mr. Wm. Trelease saying: "I have noticed pro- togyny in Thaspium aureum and Sanicula, so I no longer have any doubt as to the accuracy of your observations on Erigenia, though the fact of this sort of dichogamy occurring in UmbeUiferce was entirely unexpected from the uniformity of protandry in the earlier studied genera. The Proceedings of the Davenport Acad, of Nat. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part II, are at hand. The botanical articles are by Prof. J. C. Arthur and Dr. C. C. Parry. The former makes still farther addi- tion to his catalogue of Iowa Plants; while the latter describes two new species of Oxyiheca from Southern California. The new species are named 0. caryophylhides and 0. Parishii and were both discovered by the brothers Parish in the San Bernardino Mountains. On page 78 of the July Gazette it might be inferred that Baillon's work among the Compusitce was thought more commend- able than even that of Mr. Bentham. No reader of the Gazette should labor under such a delusion. Because Mr. Bentham with immense labor has worked up the vast order and acknowledged 780 genera, and Baillon, putting a good part of the genera shown to be near mto one, reduces the number to 403, is no indication that the work of the hitter is either "philosophical or practically conven- ient," for it is very easy work to do. Prof. Henry G. Jesup, of Dartmouth College, has published a very handsome pamphlet entitled "Flora and Fauna of Hanover, N. H." The list of plants includes the flowering plants and higher cryptogams, just such as are included in Gray's Manual. The range includes the flora within thirty miles radius of the town of Hanover and contains a great diversity of conditions, such as mountain peaks, valleys, and lakes, and, as is to be expected, the list is an exceptionally rich one. Tbe summary shows a total of 1008 species, of which 286 are Polypetahe, 265 Gamopetalw, 96 Apetalce, 52 Cryptogams Introduced phgenogams number 144:. Mr. J. M. Macfarlane, Demonstrator of Botany in the Uni- versity of Edinburg, finds a new factor in the vegetable cell, which he proposes to call the nucleolo-nucleus. It is a well marked body inside the nucleus, round or slightly oval in outline, aud exhibits a clear bounding wall differentiating it from the substance of the nucleolus. It was first seen in the epidermal cells of Omithogalum pyramidale, after staining fresh epidermis with a | per cent, solu- tion of eosin in common methylated spirit, and was afterwards found in many other Phanerogams and also in some Cryptogams. Mr. Macfarlane concludes that the nucleus, nucleolus and nucleo- lo-nucleus are invariably present, if the cell is still act ire. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 91 Prof. J. C. Arthur reports a very successful session of the Sum- mer School iit the University of Minnesota. There were forty stu- dents at work in the botanical laboratory and all were enthusiastic, as might be expected. For the benefit of botanists who suppose that some distant locality furnishes better illustrations for study than home plants, and who so often connect the lower forms with something distant and unattainable, we quote the following from Prof. Arthur's private letter: " We found Cham wherever we went. There was an equal profusion of Xostocs, and Desmids. Nitella, Vaucherkt-, Vokox, Hy- (I rod id i/oii and Mesocarpus were specially abundant. Numerous large and handsome slime-moulds were found on the side-walks, and we were also able to study every stage of the polymorphous JPuccinia, even to the germination of the teleutospores." The current " Part " of the Proceedings of the Philad. Acad. Sci. contains two papers of botanical interest, both by Mr. Thos. Meehan,whose restless eyes and pen are ever observing and recording. In one of them is recorded the fact that Salisburia adiantifolia is sometimes hermaphrodite; while in the other, which is a much more formal paper, are recorded some observations 011 the relation of heat to the sexes of flowers, based chiefly on a study of the ma- ple and which concludes with the following generalizations: Male flowers do not appear on female maple trees till some of its vital power has become exhausted. Branch-buds bearing female flowers have vital power sufficient to develop into branches. Branch-buds bearing male flowers have not vital power enough to develop into branches, but remain as spurs which ever after pro- duce male flowers onl}\ Buds producing male flowers only are more excited by heat than females, and expand at a low temparature, under which the females remain quiescent. Prof. H. Baillon, wishing to germinate some seeds of walnut and almond trees in winter, thought to obtain a more rapid devel- opment in a warm house in which the temperature varied during the twenty-four hours from 15° to 25° (59-77 F.) than in a cool house in which the daily variation was between 5° and 15° (41-59 F. ), but the trial failed. In the cool house in the course of six weeks the walnuts had steins of about two decimeters in height, while the most advanced in the warm house had stems of only two or three centimeters. At the end of two months and a hall the seeds grow- ing in the warm house had roots only occasionally well-developed, but little or no caulome outside the fruit. When walnuts were germinated in a warm house with "bottom heat" the tap roots were early arrested in their development though growing in a very fria- ble soil consisting of moist sawdust; whereas when germinated in a cool house, without bottom heat, the tap roots grow well in length before the egress of the plumule. The same results were obtained Q2 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. with almonds, thus seeming to show that with some seeds nothing is to be gained by forcing them. Pkof. Emerson Reynolds, F. R. S., has lately shown that well-marked differences in physiological activity between meta- meric bodies of comparatively simple constitution can be detected with aid of plants. Ammonium sulphocyanate and its metamer, theocarbamide, both compounds rich in nitrogen and easily soluble in water, were selected for experiments during the summer of 1882 upon plants of Nicotiana long/flora. From August to the end of November a certain number of plants were watered with rain wa- ter, and a certain number with the compounds in solution. The following table shows the chief results: Rain-water. Theocarbamide. Sulphocyanate. Total height in inches 31 23 12 No. of leaves 15 14 13 Maximum length of lvs 9 5 15.25 8 Maximum breadth of lvs 4.25 6 2.5 No. seed pods 9 15 0 Ditto well-developed 1 11 0 It would thus seem that the particular elements of which a body is composed exert less influence on its physiological activity than the method in which the component atoms are grouped. Some New Grasses. — Muhlenbergia setifolia. — Culms erect, l^to 2 ft. high; radical leaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long, setaceous, involute, recurved at the tips, those of the culm 2 or 3 and similar; stipules membranaceous, acute; sheaths 4 to 6 inches long, smooth; panicle 4 to 5 inches long, narrow, erect, branches of panicle erect, filiform, in twos or threes, about 1 inch long, once or twice dividing near the base and each with 2 to 4 flowers mostly on short filiform pedicels; outer glumes minute, less than one line long, oblong, obtuse, scarious, erosely toothed at the apex; flowering glume 2 lines long, with a short thick callus, obscurely 3-nerved, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, terminated with a slender awn twice or thrice its own length; palet of same texture and nearly equal length, 3-nerved. Collected on the Gaudalupe Mountains of Western Texas by Dr. V. Havard, of the U. S. Army. Muhlenbergia. glomerata, var. brevifolia. — Culms li to 2 ft. high, erect and leafy, leaves (5-8 on each culm) rigid, short and wide (2-4 inches long, 2-3 lines wide), somewhat scabrous; panicle spikelike, interrupted and with longer branches below; glumes and palets about equal in length (lline), glumes acumi- nate, scabrous-puberulent; flowering glume acuminate and tipped with an awn half its length or less,3-nerved, pubescent below; palet acute, about equaling the flowering glume. Collected in S. E. California by Mr. S. B. Parish. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 93 Muhlenbergia sylvatica, var. Californica.— This grass lias the spreading, diffusely branched habit of M. sylvatica, and should probably be ranked as a marked variety of that species. The narrow panicles terminate the long, leafy, terminal and lateral branches, are 4 to 6 inches long, the rays mostly alternate, the lower ones distant and subspicate, some of them 1 inch long, the spikelets sessile and crowded on the branches; the outer glumes membranaceous, except the hispid green keel, equal, lanceolate, acu- minate, scarcely 2 lines long, rather exceeding the flowering glume without its awn; flowering glume about H lines long, firm, finely scabrous, acute, and terminating in a straight awn about its own length, sparingly villose at the base; palet about as long as its glume, acute. Collected on the San Bernardino Mts., California, by Mr. S. B. Parish. NotUlSB^Californicse— The tact has hitherto been strangely overlooked by Californian botanists, or at least, it has been mentioned by no one, that the most common Convolvulus of Cali- fornia has the character of an evergreen shrub, often ascending trees to the height of twenty feet, and showing great lengths ot woody, grape-vine like stems frequently near an inch in diameter. The species is C. occidentalism Gray, supposed by that author to be an herb like C. septum, L., to which it is, in floral character, closely related. The young plants are indeed wholly herbaceous, and when only these are seen, trailing over the ground, or supported on low bushes and flowering profusely, it may easily pass for a mere herb. I have admired almost daily for a year past a beauti- ful specimen which grows by a brookside in the midst of the v llage of Berkeley, and only very recently did it occur to me as sin- gular that a Convolvulus so much like common bind-weed should be displaying its festoons of leaf and flower from only the very topmost branches of a tree twelve or fifteen feet high, and that during the whole year. The examination thus suggested to my mind brought to light the dark-barked, lithe and tortuous woody stems which, in no wise attached to the trunk of the tree, rose from the ground directly up to the lower branches, after the manner of wild grape-vines; and this, now that my attention has been called to the fact, I find to be the universal habit ot the species, except in the case of plants only two or three years from the seed. The most luxuriant growth of this plant which I have met with is on Goat Island in San Francisco Bay. On the northern slope of this mountain island is an extensive grove of live oak (Quercus agri folia) of rather small size; but many of these trees have their crowns completely and beautifully mantled, so that their own foliage is hidden, by the masses of the shrubby morning-glory whose corollas are here, as I have seen 94 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. them no where else, of a rich purplish hue. On the mainland they are apparently always cream-colored. Convolvulus arvensis, L.. a foreigner, is already more abundant throughout the region of San Francisco Bay than any other species, and is a very troublesome weed in the wheat fields. At the time of my writing the stubble fields are white every morning with its flowers, for it persists in growing and blooming however closely cut down by scythe and sickle. No species of the cruciferous genus Cakile appears yet to have been reported from any Pacific shore. But what appears to be C. Americana, Nutt.,is abundant on the beach at West Berkeley. Its only associates there are the indigenous Abronias, Franserias, and the like Pacific Coast maritime species, yet in all probability it is an introduced plant. Chrysanthemum segetum, L., a plant nowhere mentioned as even adventive on this continent, has become thoroughly estab- lished in fields and by waysides a few miles north of Berkeley. Being an annual, and well able by its seeds to survive the half year's drouth, it may possibly become the troublesome weed in Cal- ifornia which its sister species, C. Leucanthemum, L., has long since become at the East. Picris echioides^ L., the type of an Old World genus allied to Crepis, from which it differs in having a plumose pappus, grows wild in great abundance near Vallejo. P. hieracioides, L., common in Australia, is the only other species of this rather large gems which seems to have obtained a foothold in an}r part of the New World, and is the only one which would have been expected to es- tablish itself in California. But this which runs wild on even the uncultivated hills, almost choking out the indigenous tarweed, is certainly the well marked P. echioides, new to our continent, and perhaps destined to be troublesome as a coarse weed. — Edward Lee Greene, Berkeley, California. Parishella Californica. — To the scientific botanist there is no more interesting genus than Nuttall's Nemacladus; and I will remember the satisfaction I had when (in the year 1875) I detected its affinities with the Cyphiece of South America and South Africa. More recently I had the pleasure to describe a second species of this curious genus. In botanizing this last spring upon the Mohave desert, those sharp-sighted botanists and most obliging and excellent correspondents, the brothers Parish, of San Bernardino, California, had the rare fortune to discover a little plant, which upon examination proves to be a new genus of this group. I wish here merely to say that I have taken the opportu- nity thus afforded to dedicate it to the discoverers, in token of my appreciation of the very valuable services which they have rendered, and are zealously rendering to botany and to botanists. Without here entering upon a formal description, I can mention the distin- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 95 guishing characters of this little plant. It is more humble than Nemacladus in that it spreads upon the ground, rising little above its surface, but forming depressed tufts; but its white flowers are comparatively conspicuous. Besides its peculiar habit and its ros- ulate tufted spatulate leaves, the new plant differs from Nemacladus mainly in its almost rotate and equally 5-cleft corolla, which is shorter than the foliaceous lobes of the calyx; in the tube of the latter being adnate up to the summit of the ovary; and in the de- hiscence of the capsule by an operculum, the short conical apex separating by circumcision. There is already a genus ParisJiia, an East Indian tree; so this little herb must take the name in an altered and diminutive form. The specific name might have been chosen from the desert habita- tion or some characteristic feature of the plant; but it is fitting to associate it with the name of the State in which the Messrs. Parish reside, and the botany of which they have most largely helped to make known. — Asa Gray. Notes from Canada. — Having in the latter part of June, made a collecting tour with my friends. Professor Macoun, Domin- ion Naturalist; Mr. Wm. Saunders, Editor of the Canadian Ento- mologist; and Mr. James Macoun, to Point Pelee, Essex Co., On- tario, the most southern point on the mainland in Canada, a list of the rarer plants found there might not be void of interest to some of the readers of the Gazette. The list is chiefly remarkable for the southern nature of most of the species enumerated, some of them so much so, that I hadnotdreamed of find" ing them within our boreal confines. To this locality never before having been thoroughly ' explored, may be attributed the seemingly extraordinary fact, that or' the plants mentioned, the first eleven have not, I believe, been heretofore recorded as found in Canada, while the remaiuing, ten have but very rarely been noted. Corydalis flavula, DC. Sinilax taranoides, L. Hibiscus Moscheutos, L. Asimina triloba, Dunal. Ptelea trifoliata, L. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Gleditschia triacautbos, L. Cerastium oblongifolmm, Tun-. Opuntia Rafinesquii, Eog. Phaseolus belvolus, L. Nvssa multiflora, Wang. Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br. Ipomcea pandurata, Meyer. ; Galium pilosum, Ait. Fraxiuus quadrangulata, Mx. Vernouia fasciculata, Mx. Morns rubra, L. Acerates viridiflora. El!. Quercus palustvls, Du Roi. Fiaxinus vividis, Mx. t\ Quercus Prinus, L. The large size and plentitude of the Papaw, Mulberry, Blue Ash, and Sour Gum trees clearly show them to be indigenous, and would indicate that they are not*merely chance survivors, but that the soil and climate fully meet their requirements. I might add, that during the week preceding our trip, Profes- sor Macoun had found along Lake Erie, at Amherstburg, Pelee Is- q6 botanical gazette. land, and in the neighborhood of Port Stanley, the following plants, no less than eight of which also now for the first time find a place in Canadian Flora. The coffee-tree, he tells me, was seen reaching two feet in diameter. Viola cucu'. lata, Ait. var. palmata,Gr. Tbaspium tritbliatum, Gr. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Thaspium barbinode, Nutt. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Cynthia Virginica, Don. Agrimonia parviflora, Ait. ChsBrophyllum procumbens.Crantz. Geum vernuin, T. & G. Tecoma radieans, Juss. Rosa setigera, Mx. Plantago cordata, Lam. Crataegus subvillosa, Scbrader. Prosartes lanuginosa, Don. Heucbera bispida, Pursb. Carex Steudelii, Kuutb. Carex Grayii, Carey. — T. J. W. Burgess, M. D., London, Ontario, Canada. Some Alaska Ferns, with notes.— Dr. J. Schneck has kindly placed in my hands his entire stock of duplicate ferns, among them the following Alaskan species, a record of which may be interest- ing. Thev were all collected by Mr. L. M. Turner during the seasons of "1879-80-81. 1. Ophioglossum vulgatum., L. Specimens exhibiting marked variations in the shape of' the laminae, the most noticeable being a broadly, triangular-ovate form with an abruptly acute apex. Spo- rangia varying from 10 to 20, or more, in number. 2. Botrychium boreale, Milde. Specimens showing nearly the range of forms described by Angstrom (Botan. Notiser, 1866, and quoted by Milde in Botrychiorum Monographia), viz: — era! a fan/, intermedium and affine. As these, and the next specimens, have furnished me with much new material for examination, I shall have more to say of them hereafter in connection with their ver- nation. 3. Botrychium Lunaria, Swz. A large number of fine speci- mens showing many forms running from the normal form (var. normale, Roper) through var. sub-incisuni, Roper, and var. inci- sum Milde, toward, though not quite reaching var. ovatum, Milde. The collection furnishes two interesting examples of forked root- stocks. In one specimen the rootstock had made three short branches, two of which had developed buds and given rise each to a perfect frond, thus forming a double-fronded plant. In the other, and larger of the two specimens, the rootstock had divided into two longer divisions each bearing a well-developed frond. Examining the vernation in this specimen I found that the base, of each stipe contained a perfect bud showing no variation from the normal development. Milde (1. c.) described similar examples in this species, and in B. simplex, and, as of rarer occurrence, in the present species, and B. boreale, instances where the bud which should not have developed until the next year had broken through the base of the stipes and developed into a perfect frond so that two individuals appeared close together from one rootstock in the same season. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 97 4. Botrychiwm lanceolatum, Angstrom. Specimens fleshy but not showing any marked variation. 5. Botrychium ternatum, Swz. Specimens variable, most of them nearer the obliquum form than the type, and very fleshy. 6. Botrychium Virginianum, Swz. Specimens (2 in number) small, but one of them especially interesting, having two perfect fronds from the same rootstock. In this instance it is clearJy ap- parent from the manner in which the base of the stipe of one frond sheathes the base of the other, that the bud which should not have developed until another year had pushed out prematurely and developed soon after the regular frond. The two individual fronds had grown to very nearly the same height and dimensions. The bud for the third year's growth lies snugly tucked away in the vertical slit at the base of what should have been the second year's frond, and a repetition of the condition described could not have been expected another season as in the instances mentioned in B. Lmviria, where the branched rootstock had made the permanent existence of two individuals possible. 7. Polypodium vulgare, L. A single small plant. 8. Cryptogramme acrostichoidfs, R. Br. A large number of fine specimens among which 1 find two fronds partly fertile and partly sterile, the two lowermost pairs of pinnae being wholly sterile in one, and with a few scattered sori in the other; the upper portion of both fronds being contracted in fruit exactly as in the other fertile fronds. 9. Aspletiium Filix-foemina, Bernh. A single small frond. 10. Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee. Specimens characteristic, but the fertile somewhat more rigid than usual. 11. Aspidium Lonchitis, Swz. Specimens mostly small, but characteristic. A single double-fronded specimen occurs caused by the cohering together of the bases of two stipites. 12. Aspidium Oreopteris, Swz. Specimens collected late, and not in good condition. 13. Aspidium spinulosum, Swz. A large number of speci- mens mostly of the dilatation form. 11. Cystopterisfragilis, Bernh. Specimens showing the usual variations so characteristic of the species. A single frond forks above the lowermost pair of pinnae into a two-branched top. — Geo. E. Davenport, Med ford, Mass. The Postage Question.— Washington, D. C, July 1, 1882. Editor Botanical Gazette: Dear Sir — The note of Mr. Trelease on "The Postage on Botanical Specimens," published in your June num- ber (p. 73), still leaves the question open as to what kind of labels will be allowed to go with the specimens, many supposing gS BOTANICAL GAZETTE. that so far as botanists are concerned, the old liberal ruling is still in force, and that the statement on page 231 of the "Guide to the Flora of Washington and Vicinity," was wholly incorrect. While for one I should only be too glad if this were the case, I still pre- sume that the chief desire of all botanists is to know precisely how the laws are construed by the Post Office Department at the pres- ent time, and with this object in vi >.v I have not only revisited the Department, but have corresponde I officially with it, and if not trespassing too largely upon your columns, I would be glad to have the correspondence published. It seems to cover the whole ground and may render further inquiries unnecessary. I desire to sav, however, in advance, that the statement in my flora was too strong and really inaccurate, and especially, that the word "third-class" was an error for fourtk-cliss, which was over- looked in reading the proof. Very truly yours, Lester F. Ward. National Museum, Washington, D. C, June 21, 1882. Hon. Timothy 0. Howe, Postmaster General: Sir — I enclos. a leaf from Bulletin, No. 22, of the Nation- al Museum, of which T am the author, upon which [p. 234] are marked passages relating to the sending of written labels with botanical specimens. Since the publication of the Bulletin the Department has been asked whether the statements therein were correct, and has replied by sending copies of the Postal regulations of February 21. 1881, and calling special attention to the 7th exception by underscoring the word "'name1' on the last line but one, which action has been published in the Botanical Gazette (June 1882, p. 73). The impression seems to prevail that this exception will apply to botanical labels made out in the usual way, of which three sam- ples are inclosed within. As labels without authority, locality, or date, are of no scien- tific value it is supposed that these would be construed as necessary "fcr purposes of identification,,, and therefore legal. You are respectfully requested to state whether the Department so construes the regulation, and if not, to indicate such portions of the inclosed labels as would be illegal, and to return the same for the information of the profession, who, rest assured, need only to know the law in order to comply with it. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, Lester F. Ward. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 99 Post Office Department, Office of First Ass't Postmaster General, Washington D. C, June 24, 1882. Lester F. Ward, Esq., National Museum, Washington, D. C.: Sjr — Your communication of the 21st inst., addressed to the Postmaster General, has been referred to this office for reply. The labels submitted by you, so far as they contain simply the nam > of the plant, and as necessary to fix that name, the name of the person making the classification, adding, as part of the name, the variety, and the name of the person classifying, will be held to be within the language of the Statutes. But it is impossible, by any fair construction, to authorize a statement of the kind of soil in wlrch the plant grows, or the locality from which it comes, or the date at which the plant is obtained, or the date at which it flowers, or yields fruit. All these descriptive matters might be placed upon the label, by the use of a gelatine pad, thus making a reproduction of the mat- ter; or, by the use of a hand stamp. You are respectfully referred to Rulings 319 and 320, January Postal Guide, 1882, page 719, a copy ot with guide Avill be sent to you, through the Post Office. " Your labels and communication are respectfully returned. Very respectfully, E. C. Fowler, For First Assistant Postmaster General. Decumaria barbara— On May 29th of this year, in company with Dr. Frank Baker, I paid a brief visit to the Dismal Swamp of Virginia. My principal object was to find if possible that hand- some vine, Decumaria barbara, L., which I had seen in the swamp in 1876, when, in company with Prof. Chickering and Mr. Morong, I had enjoyed a three days' sojourn in that wilderness of amber-col- ored waters. As on that occasion the plant was not seen till we had pene- trated far into the swamp on what is known as the Jericho Canal to near the open lake, and as on the present one, starting from Bowers Hill Station on the Seaboard & Roanoake R. R., we could only find ditches that would lead us in a distance of about two miles, we were by no means sanguine of success. But successful we were, and found many large and beautiful vines climbing the great gum trees. They were in full bloom and the problem was to reach the flowers. As your readers probably know, this vine climbs by means of fine rootlets, after the manner of Eh its Toxicodendron, which it much resembles in many other respects, and with which it vies in the Dismal Swamp for the posession of the finest supports. To climb to the lowest flowering branches was impossible, and after reaching the verge of despair, the thought struck us of severing a ioo BOTANICAL GAZETTE. vine at the base, and, by detatching it for a long distance from the tree to which it clung, to bring down, if possible, the flower-bearing portion. Though a barbarous proceeding we nerved ourselves to it and our efforts were crowned with abundant success. This plant, as your readers all probably know, is not described in Gray's "Manual," fifth edition, but whether its discovery in the Dismal Swamp in 1876, on the occasion above mentioned, was its first appearance north of the southern boundary line of Virginia, I do not know. However that may be, I thought it might interest some to know that it had been found at the northern border of the swamp and within ten miles of Norfolk. — Lester F. Ward. Proterogyn in Sparganium eurycarpum. — In a marsh near the Eastern Branch of the Potomac I found a few days since the finest patch of Sparganium eurycarpum that I ever saw, the developed white blossoms being conspicuous from a distance. On ap- proaching and examining them I perceived that the plant was very obviously proterogynous. The two distinct states were so clearly marked that they gave the appearance of two kinds of plants. Those on which the fertile heads were developed and the stigmas ready to receive pollen invariably had all the staminate heads unde- veloped, while those in which the staminate heads were developed had in all cases commenced to foi m fruit. Still a third state oc- curred in which an thesis was entirely past in both kinds of heads and large heads of fruit had formed. While the order of develop- ment oi the pistillate and staminate heads was always the same, abundance of plants existed in both states, so that fertilization was possible, yet a careful search failed to reveal a single plant in which the time of expansion of the male and female flowers was synchron- ous— i. e., in which self-fertilization could have taken place. — Lester F. Ward. Contributions to North American Botany, by Asa Gray: Proc. Am. Acad. Vol. XVII. — It is almost impossible to appreciate the amount of labor represented by this contribution. In his elabo- ration of the vast family of Composites as displayed in North America, Dr. Gray's work has been of the most laborious and in- tricate kind. No living botanist could have conducted us half so well through such a bewildering maze of forms and synonyms, and the consultation of type specimens in the older herbaria has not in all cases shed a flood of light. Probably Aster and Solidago are two of the most vexatious genera of this great family as all botanists will testify in whose herbaria are lurking many unplaceable forms. The first part of this paper is devoted to the record of some of the results of the study of these difficult genera in the older herbaria and their difficulty can best be appreciated when Dr. Gray, who has seen more type-specimens of the species and has given more time to the systematic study of these genera than any one testifies BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 101 that "in certain groups absolute or practical definition of the species by written characters or descriptions is beyond my powers." The greatest confusion seems to have arisen from the fact that many old species were established upon cultivated plants and others upon a perfect medley of forms, which being resolved leaves nothing behind upon which to establish a species and a name must be suppressed. For instance, Aster Novi-Belgii, L., disappears, being swallowed up completely by neighboring species; which is also the case with A. miser, L., and A. Tradescanti, L., although in this last case the old name claims a small share, the rest all disappear- ing under A. paniculatus Lam., and A. vimineus, Lam. The name A. linifolius subsides from the American Flora, and so it goes, until in the forthcoming work on Compositce it will take us many a day to get the run of our Asters. As for $olidago, which now numbers nearly 80 species in North America, Dr. Gray gives a general arrangement under the three sections Viegaurea (which is made to include the old Chrysas- trum), Euthamia, and Chrysoma. Under the first section the species are arranged in five groups, Squarrosce (§ Chrysastrum, T. & G.), Glomendijiorai, Thyvsiflorce, Paniculata\ and Corymbosce. But few of the changes can be noted. For example, S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer, becomes 8. macrophylla, Pursh; the vars. multiradiata and humilis of S. Virgaureaaxe acknowledged as species ; S.virga- ta, Mx., falls under S. stricta, Ait.; the 8 altissima of the Manual is S. nigosa, Mill., 8. Muhlenbergii, T. & GL comes under S. arga- ta, Ait.; and S. gig.mtea is but a variety of S. serotina. In the same contribution are the descriptions of many new species, mainly from Arizona and adjacent districts. A new buckeye from Lower California is an interesting discovery and many well-known genera receive large additions. A synopsis of North American species of Baccharis (18 in number) is given. Three new genera are described, all Compositce', Plxmmera, from Southern Ari- zona, related to Actinella and named in honor of Mrs. J. E. Lemmon; Dugesia, from Northern Mexico and dedicated to Prof. Alfred Duges, a Mexican Zoologist; and Hecastocleis, from Nevada, a member of the Mutisiacece, and whose generic name alludes to the separate enclosure of each flower in its involucre. A footnote informs us that the unequal insertion of the stamens will no longer serve to distinguish Collomia from Gilia and that hence Nuttall's Collomia must be remanded to the already large genus Gilia. — J. M. C. Contributions to American Botany, by Sereno Watson; Proc. Am. Acad., Vol. XVII. — The larger part of this contribution is devoted to a list of the Polypetalcn from S. W. Texas and N. Mexico, collected chiefly by Dr. E. Palmer in 1879-80. The list is 102 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. a long one and includes over 50 new species. A synopsis of N. A m. Desmanthus is given, which shows 10 species. The rest of the contribution contains the descriptions of new species, chiefly from our Western Territories. Astragalus receives 5 new species; Eriogonum 4; Arabis, Caulanthus, Silene, Atriplex, each 3; and Muosurus, Claytonia, Arenaria, Malvastrum (one from Florida), Lupinus, Dalea, Sedwn, Cotyledon, (Enothera, Al- lium, each 2. The distinguishing characters of our four species of Physaria are giYen. Lupinus Plattensis is the specific name given to L. omatus, Dough, var. glabratus, Watson. A discovery of special interest to eastern botanists and all those who usr our eastern manuals is that of Pedicularis Furbishice on wet banks of the St. John's River, at Van Buren, Arostook Co., Maine, and extending along the river for sixty miles. This species is allied to P. Canadensis and P. braeteosa and is dedicated to its discoverer, Miss Kate Furbish, who has worked so successfully among the plants of her native state. — J. M. C. Native Trees of the Lower Wabash in Illinois and In- diana, by Robert Ridgway — This is the substance of the title to a paper published in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, and to the author we are much indebted for advance sheets. Mr. Ridgway has made a careful study of the trees of the Lower Wa- bash and White River Valleys, and with the help of Dr. J. Schneck. of Mt. Carmel, 111., has made this a most interesting and valuable paper. If space permitted we would like to publish copious ex- tracts from it, but in this notice will have to be content with a meager outline. The author aptly describes our Southern Indiana forests as distinguished from those of more eastern districts by the absence of coniferous trees and the great variety of species grow- ing together. Our woods are most decidedly "mixed woods11 and 40 to 50 species are given as growing indiscriminately upon areas of 50 to 75 acres. In regard to size, many measurements were taken, showing a most liberal growth. At least 34 species of trees reach or ex- ceed a height of 100 feet; no less than 11 reach a height of 150 feet; and the greatest height recorded was thac of a Liriodendron, being 190 feet. The paper contains a list of 92 species with very interesting notes, the longest being upon our Tulip tree, or "Poplar11 (Ltr>o- dendron tulipifera), the most magnificent of our trees; the White Elm, or "Red Elm11 {Uimus Americana), with its spurs or but- tresses at base and its parasite, the mistletoe; the Sycamore (Plata- nus occidentalism the largest hardwood tree of North America, with greatest girth and most massive branches, in one case the measurement about the base being 42 feet, and reports of others much larger, even to 66 feet; the Bald Cypress {Taxodium distichum) BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 103 whose presence so far north can only be accounted for by the open and low north and south" valley of the Wabash. Tl e occurence of this last tree is so peculiar that a short extract from Mr. Ridg- way's paper concerning it will be of interest. It grows in the lower part of Knox County, Indiana, or that portion embraced between the Wabash and White Rivers and known as uThe Neck."1 It is very abundant, the area embraced by the cypress swamps, and largely timbered with cypress, being esti- mated at 20,000 acres. "Although known as the 'Cypress Swamp,' it consists cf a series of beautiful, secluded ponds, hidden in the dense forest, and diffi- cult of access by an}- one not familiar with the locality." "The cy- press trees grow chiefly around the borders of these ponds and along the sloughs connecting them, as well as on the one which empties into the river. Being so near the river, into which the logs are floated at " high water,11 the finest trees have long since been destroyed, and there are very few left whose symmetry is not m irred by low-growing branches or knots upon the trunks. The 1 u gest standing tree observed by me was a very old and exceeding- ly rough specimen, entirely unfit for lumber or shingles. The swollen base measured 45 feet in circumference at the ground, the girth immediately above the conical portion being 21 feet; the trunk consisted of several upright stems grown together for the greater part of their length, but in places distinct, with one very conspicuous transverse growth joining the two main stems, at a height of about 50 feet from the ground. The top expanded 94 feet, the greater part of it elevated over 100 feet from the ground. A solid stump, measuring 38 feet around at the ground, was 22 feet in girth at 8 feet; at about 15 feet it divided into two main trunks of equal size, which were cut off immediately above the fork, a scaf- f jid being necessary for the purpose.11 " The tallest did not much exceed 140 feet, their average height being little, if any, over 100 feet ; and even the finest of them would not compare for symmetry and length with the Sweet Gums and Ashes with which they were associated.11 — J. M. C. Notes frojll S. Illinois.— While collecting parasitic fungi in Southern Illinois last Spring, I found on shelving rocks at Makan- da, Jackson Co., a fungus on a species of Oenothera.. The fungus (an Uromy'ces accompanied by an JEckliuin) is probably a new species and the (Enothera is new to the Northern United States. The latter did not agree with any description in the Manual, and specimens were sent to Dr. Geo. Vasey who determined it to be (Enothera lintfolia, Nutt. I found the same in a similar situation near Tunnel Hill, Johnson Co. It was plentiful in both localties. At the latter place I also found Silene Virginica, L., which was pre- viously reported in Illinois only "on wooded banks of Desplaines 104 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. River near Chicago." Dodemiheon Meadia, L., var. Frenchii, Vasey, grows there at the base of overhanging cliffs. It is smaller than the usual form, has fewer flowers and thin ovate-cordate leaves on margined petioles, constituting a well-marked variety. — A. B. Sey- mour. The female Flowers of Conifer*. — Professor Eichler's paper on this subject, reviewed in the May number of this Journal, has induced Professor Celakovsky to re-investigate this subject, mor- phologically so important, and to which he had already devoted much attention. In the Abhandl. d. K. Boehm. Ges. d. Wiss. he has recently published his present views, in an extensive article, il- lustrated by a plate. After reviewing the different theories and ex- planations enunciated since Robert Brown's time, he dwells em- phatically on the great importance of the study of the anamorpho- ses (as he calls those monstrosities which are the result ot retro- grade metamorphosis, in contra-distinction to mere pathological alterations) and of the teachings they convey. He comes to the conclusion that these are a much safer guide than the microscopic study of the genesis of the organs, which has often misled those Avho too implicitly relied on its teachings. Investigating the ana- morphoses of the Norway spruce, he finds the two lateral car- pellary leaves distinctly indicated and more or less separated and developed. In more involved cases an anterior and then a pos- terior bract make their appearance; these, Professor Eichler had taken for a third and fourth lobe of his ligula. It must. be stated here that normally the posterior bract is the third and the anterior the fourth in order. Celakovsky comes to the con- clusion that, at least in Abietineo?, Eichler's theory (that the carpellary scale is a mere emergence or ligule of the bract) is quite wrong, and that Mohl's view (1871)* — that the carpellary scale of these plants consists of the two connate lowest leaves of an axillary, otherwise undeveloped, bud connate at their upper edge and producing the ovules on their back, — is amply vindi- cated by all known morphological facts and is antagonistic to none of them. He further concedes that the same explanation may possibly be the true one for all conifers, and that all morphologists who have treated this question thus far, have, whatever their views, assumed a conformity in this respect in all the tribes of conifers, and a complete homology of their female organs. But he thinks * It appears now that A. Braun has expressed the same view as early as 1842 in the French Gongres scientifique at Strasburg, in the report of whose proceedings it is published. He often threw out such hiDts from the rich treasures of his investigations, but with characteristic modesty he gave- them to science without urging them or claiming scientific property or priori ty in them. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 105 that this is not necessarily so, and that Sachs' and Eichler's emer- gence or ligular theory may be true as to Araitcariec?, and that thus the cone of these plants is really and truly a single flower. In regard to Taxodinece and Cupressinem he is convinced that an inner fruit scale really exists, completely adnate to the bract and soon out- growing it, but he does not venture to pronounce on its nature, because he thus far has no ocular demonstration of it through any anamorphosis.f Professor Celakovsky concludes that the arillus of Taxacece corresponds with the ligula of Araucariece. He speaks of the terminal position of the ovule in this tribe as of very little mor- phological importance, being really a lateral ovule pushed to the top of an axis. J It will be of interest to those who have been misled by con- trary statements, to learn that 0. Heer, the celebrated phyto-pa- leontologist, has shown that geologically Abietinecs and Taxodinece are the oldest conifers now known, appearing already in the Car- boniferous period, while Araucariece come up much later in the Trias and Jurassic formations. But relative geological age of the different tribes of plants is of much less importance for the appreciation of their degree of development and their position in the system than some suppose. Thus the Cycadece, the Phaeno- gams most closely allied to the vascular cryptogams, are, as Pro- fessor Heer states, very uncertain in the Carboniferous, and make their decided appearance first in the Permian rocks; therefore much later than the higher developed conifers. — G. E. in Am. Jour. Sri. Limits of Michigan Plants. — The distribution of plants along the Great Lakes is a subject of much interest. The equalizing influ- ence of the Lakes upon the climate of Michigan and adjacent states has resulted apparentlv in bringing together the two extremes of the floras considerably north and south of them. The mild winters allow southern species to come in, while the cool summers are favorable to the growth of more northern species. f The writer of this is in posession of a proliferous cone of Sequoia gigan- tea which seems to prove, not only that the fruit scale in this species (and con- sequently in the whole tribe) is homolgous with that of Abietinece, in so far as it consists of leaves cf an axillary shoot, yet that these leaves are not a single pair, but, as A. Braun has long ago suggested, in regard to Cupressinm, that there is a number of leaves, laterally coordinate and connate, bearing a number of ovules on their back, X It might be well to draw attention to the singular fact, that in the allied gymnospermous family of Gnetacea, the female flower (for such it is now assumed to be, the outer integument or utricle being considered as a t,wo- leafed carpel) is always referred to as "terminal," whether single, double or triple, while a terminal organ can not be otherwise than single. The fact is that the female flowers are here axillary in the axils of one or more of the up- permost bracts, and, if single, are pushed to the top of the shoot. \o6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. This condition of things is seen especially along the east shore of Lake Michigan. The mild climate ol this long strip of country bordering -the lake renders profitable the growing of tender fruits, and has caused this "'Fruit-belt" of Michigan to become widely known. The Fruit-belt is not only peculiar in its great produc- tion ol peaches and berries but also to a certain extent in its bo- tanical characteristics. Many species of plants seem to find the extreme limit of their range north or south in this belt. The fol- lowing species are among those which appear to reach their limits at South Haven, Mich., fifty miles from the head of the Lake. Of course the limits as given here are only approximate, for north of South Haven there has been no complete work done on the lake shore. The interior ot the state has been well studied however by C. F. Wheeler, E. F. Smith, and others, whose work is given in Wheeler & Smith's admirable catalogue of Michigan plants. For the south the Gazette's Indiana catalogue is often consulted. Lycopodimn complanatum,li., grows rarely at South Haven in old choppings. It evidently reaches its southern limits about the head of the Lake in Indiana. ( hid. Cat.) Botrychium ternatum, Swtz., var. dissectum, Eaton, seems to reach its northern limits here, but var. obliquum, Eaton, extends farther north into the center of the state. These are not reported north of Southern Indiana in the Indiana catalogue, and do not occur in Wisconsin, according to G. D. Swezey's list. Woodward ia angustifolia, Sm., occurs in very restricted quantity in a dense hemlock wood, along with Goodyera repens R. Br., Chimaphila maculata, Ph., Chrysosplenium Americanwn, Schw., and the commoner Lyeopodiums. This beautiful fern will soon disappear — as soon as the forests are removed. It is probably a survivor of the extensive swamps which once covered the state. Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee, occurs sparingly (Mrs. Milling- ton). This is undoubtedly its southern limit in the West. Stipa avenacea, L., and Vilfa vaginaeflora, Torr., seem to reach their northern limits here, although the latter occurs sparingly as far north as Lansing. Juncus scirpoides, Lam., approaches its northern limit while J. articulatiis, L., reaches its southern. J. nodosus, L., var. mega- cephaluS) Torr., steiys north along the shore, and occurs in the center of the state in Montcalm County (Wheeler & Smith's Cat.) Clintonia borealis, Raf., reaches its southern range at South Haven. The same is nearly true of Cypripedium acaule. Ait., which is rare at this point. It is reported from one locality in Northern Indiana. Goodyera repens, R. Br., reaches about its southern limit here. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 107 Potaniogeton perfoliatus, L., var. lanceolatus, Robbins, occurs here, and northward to Petoskey (C. F. Wheeler). Pinus Strobus, L., reaches its southern limit in the center of the state at Mason, near Lansing. It follows the Michigan Lake shore down into Indiana however. P. Banksiana, Lam., is common on light land as far south as the middle of the lower peninsula, and is then not known to occur again till we reach the head of the Lake, where it is quite abundant. It there reaches its southern limits. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr., the hemlock spruce, reaches about its southern limits here, where it is the leading forest tree. It does not occur in Indiana. Betula lutea, Mx. f., approaches its southern limits here. B. papyracea, Ait., occurs near the head of the Lake (E. J. Hill), prob- ably its extreme southern limit. Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth., also reaches its southern limits here. It is undoubtedly indigenous. (''Indigenous about the upper Great Lakes and elsewhere1' — Gray's Man.) Chimaphila maculata, Ph., approaches its northern limits at South Haven, although it occurs sparingly as far north as Ionia. ( Wheeler & Smith's Cat.) Vacci nium vacillans, Sol., the principal dry-land blue-berry of the upper Lake region, occurs occasionally as far south as the central part of Indiana (Ind. Cat). At South Haven it is the leading upland berry, from this point it seems to dwindle away to the south. Artemisia Canadensis, Mx., probably follows the shores of the Lake generally. It occurs here in great abundance, and at the head of the Lake (E. J. Hill), probably its southern range. Solidago Virga-aurea, L., var. humilis, Gray, follows the Lake shore southward to this place. It is not known to occur farther south. Comus Canadensis, L., occurs in abundance, and strays as far south as central Indiana (Ind. Cat.), apparently far beyond its usual range. Aralia hispida, Mx., reaches its southern limit in the West at South Haven where it is abundant. AAqUinquefolia Decs. & Planch., also occurs, but is very rare. Opuntia Rafinesquii, Englm., seems to prefer the sheltered in- terior to the Lake shores. It occurs as far north as the center of the lower peninsula (Wheeler & Smith's Cat). Prunus Pennsglvanica, L., approaches its southern limits here, while P. serotina, Ehr. , takes its place, and begins to approach its northern limits, although it occurs considerably farther north toward the center of the state. Phaseolus diversif alius, Pers., probably reaches ; here, its northern limits as also Limim Virginianum, L. io8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Hibiscus Moscheutos, L., occurs here, the only known locality in Western Michigan. It also occurs near the head of the Lake in Indiana (E. J. Hill), and at Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie (Wheeler & Smith). It probably follows near the lower Great Lakes gener- ally. Hypericum pyramidatum, Ait., occurs but is very rare. Its range seems to be north. Other lists of Michigan Lake Shore plants were published in the Gazette for July and August, 1880, and from Rev. E. J. Hill in Sept. 1881.— L. H. Bailey, Jr. Notes from Mount LaFayette, N. H.— I have been spending the summer in Franconia,N. H. While there I collected extensively both in the valley and the mountains. Moreover, I undertook to keep a list of all plants which I recognized in passing over the roads, either on foot or when driving. I am now tabulating results and find them quite interesting, as much for the conspicuous deficiencies in certain common genera, as in the presence of unusual species. I spent one day on Mount LaFayette, something over 5,000 feet in altitude, and collected many al pines in the short time allowed on the summit. It may interest those who live in lowlands to read the names even of these fascin- ating boreal species. 1 did not pay much attention to the plants of the lower part of the mountain, except to note their change of fo.m as I ascended. Solidago ihyrsoidea, E. Meyer, was in its glory, and I think as handsome as the sea-side S. sempervirens, L. It grew several feet in height, up to an altitude of over 4,000 feet, intruding even into the peculiar dwarf forest of that region. 'Here I began to 'find Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea, L., in fruit ( Aug. 10th). Chiogenes hispid ula, Torr. & Gr., was very abundant, also fruit- ing.' After leaving the dwarf forest the path became very rough with loose, jagged stones, and there were no trees except the flat and spreading Salix Cutleri, Tuck. Here I began to find the pecu- liar alpine sedges, Carex rigida, Good., etc.; Poet laxa, Haenke, Hierochloa borealis Roem. & Scb., and Aim atropurpurea, Wahl. The most conspicuous flower by all odds was the tufted and showy Arenaria Greenland ica, Fenzl., which bears here the curious local name of " mountain daisy.1' An unfortunate misnomer! I found large bunches of Diapensia Lapponica, L., in fruit, but missed my old friends Cassiope hypnoides, Don., and Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb., so charming on Mt. Washington. The pretty Loiseleuria pro- cumbens, Desv., was in fruit. I had the good fortune to find Geuin radiation, Michx , var. Peckii, Gr., in splendid shape and very abundant, as was also the dwarf golden-rod, Solidago Virga-aurea, L., var. a/pina, Bigel. I collected large quantities of this and of BOTANICAL GAZETTE. wg Nabalus nanus, DC. My other finds so far determined were Juncus triHdus, L., Scirpus ecespitosus, L., and Lycopodium Selago, L. I looked longingly down upon the little " Lake' of the Clouds," be- studded with yellow pond lilies, but there was not time to explore it. I have no doubt that an hour would have revealed many other precious things. As it was, I collected between bites of my luncheon and in a high wind. And here let me put in a plea for the much berated vasculum. I brought back my specimens fresh and un- rumpled which were afterwards carefully pressed by my wife. She agrees with me in the conviction that with a portfolio we would have spoiled half of them. A frisky mountain breeze hardly al- lows of the manipulation of papers. With a box, too, one can col- lect more rapidly. I was much interested in the intrusion of low valley plants in- to high regions. Veratrum viride, Ait., grew at an altitude of over 3,000 feet above the sea with unusual vigor, though it appeared to be sterile. On the very summit of the mountain, mingled with the alpine vegetation, grew Spircea salicifolia, L., and Tli edict 'rum Cor- nuti, L. What was not so strange, Ledum latifolium, Ait., ap- proached nearly to the summit. I shall not soon forget my day of alpine botanizing, with all New England mapped out at my feet. — W. W. Bailey, Brown University. Immigrants. — It is important to note the arrival of recent immigrants which are either indigenous to this country, or are naturalized from abroad. It is an important auxiliary to the study of plant distribution. The following, not mentioned in our man- uals, are naturalized in Michigan : Dianthus furcatus, Balb., abundantly naturalized on the ex- tensive grounds of the Agricultural College, Lansing ; also at South Haven. This is a pretty perennial with red flowers f inch in diam- ameter. It forms dense mats on lawns and old pastures, its furcate stems ascending about a foot high. Petals crenate, dotted with white; calyx bracts awl pointed, i the length of the calyx tube. A native of Northern Italy. D. Armeria, L., occurs at Lansing, and E. F. Smith reports it from Clinton county. A form of Cerastium arvense, is thoroughly established on the College grounds. It is evidently var. Andrewsii, Syme., described by Hooker as having "leaves rigid, glabrescent, midrib strong below, flowers subsolitary.1 It forms dense mats which, when closely mowed, are hardly distinguishable from the sod. Flowers often f inch in diameter, pretty. Tragopogon pratensis, L., the English Goat's Beard, occurs at South Haven and Irving, Barry Co. Mr. F. H. Tuthill reports it from Kalamazoo, and C. F. Wheeler from Hubbarston, Ionia Co. no BOTANICAL GAZETTE. It is distinguished from Salsify, T. porrifolius, chiefly by its yel- low flowers. The root is edible. Crepis virens, L., occurs on the College grounds, Lansing, where it has flourished for at least three years. It is a very ordi- nary looking composite of the suborder Liguliflorse, specifically characterized as follows: "Glabrous below, lower leaves toothed runcinate or lyrate, upper linear sagittate, inner bracts glabrous within, as long as the pappus, in one row. Waste and cultivated ground, cottage roofs, etc. Fls. yellow. June-Sept. Annual, very variable. Stems 1-3 ft, furrowed, much branched; iuflorescens usually glandular hairy. Heads i-| in. diam., campanulate; outer bracts subulate, inner linear. Fruit red-brown, ribs 10 or more, smooth.11 — Hooker, Stud. Fl. Veronica Chamcedrys, L., the Germander Speedwell of Eng- gland, is common on the College grounds along with V. officinaisl and TJujmus Serpyllum, all of which are thoroughly established. Hooker describes it as " hair}7, stem pubescent on opposite sides, leaves subsessile, ovate-cordate, deeply serrate, pedicels slender, axillary, raceme long, lax; capsule obcordate, shorter than the calyx; fls. blue.11 Polygonum Hartwrightii, Gray, is reported from Kalamazoo. For note and description see Gazette for February, 1876. Amarantus blitoides, Watson, occurs on the beach of Lake Michigan at South Haven. This peculiar amaranth has very much the appearance of purslane at a little distance. It was first de- tected as a distinct species by Dr. Bessey who sent specimens from Iowa to Prof. Watson. It was at first thought to be a variety of A. albus and was later mistaken for A. blitum of Europe. Mr. H. N. Patterson, of Oquawka, 111., kindly furnishes the following description and notes: Amarantus (Pyxidium) blitoides, S. Watson. (Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 273, 1876.) Prostrate or decumbent, the slender stems becoming a foot or two long, glabrous or nearly so; leaves broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender petiole, an inch long or usually less; flowers in small contracted axillary spikelets; bracts nearly equal, ovate-oblong, shortly acumi- nate, 1 to li lines long, little exceeding the oblong, obtuse and rau- cronulate or acute sepals; utricle not rugose, slightly longer than the sepals; seed nearly a line broad. Frequent in the valleys and plains of the interior from Mexico to Northern Nevada and Iowa, and becoming introduced in some of the Northern States eastward. Mr. Patterson adds: "It grows all through Northern Illinois, especially along railroads. I think it is not truly indigenous in this state, but has come in lately.11— L. H. Bailey, Jk., Lansing, Mich. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. in Malyastrtlin angUStum, Gray.— Has any botanist ever ob- served cleistogamy in this plant ? While exploring a tract of high rocky ground east of this place the sixth of July, I discovered some twenty specimens of this rare species, most all of which bore seed on the lower branches. But as there were buds not yet expanded upon the top and upper branches, I deferred collecting until the next day, supposing the buds would open and the petals expand. But day after day went by, and as the carpels commenced to form, the corolla withered and remained upon the top of the carpels. Upon being wetted, the petals showed no signs of having dehisced. Owing to scant material I cannot be sure that my obser- vations were of any worth. If any other collector can enlighten me on this point I will be very thankful. From the simple fact that all of my exchanges have only fruited specimens, 1 would infer that they have never seen the flow- ers.— Prank Bush, Independence, Mo. Some Notes on Physostegia Virginiana.— An idle hour on the prairie lands of Northern Indiana brought me face to face with acres of this beautiful ''False Dragon-head," in full bloom, and I wondered what could be learned of its life in such a causal interview. Nothing can be more graceful than its spikes of rose- colored flowers, but the great variability of its leaves showed what a puzzle to the amateur botanist some of the extreme forms would be, if isolated. In many cases the leaves were very small, linear, and entire. But very soon a new feature attracted me with all the interest of a discovery, for in some way I had never associated it with Physostegia. The flowers were strikingly cataleptic, for the slightest touch upon one would push it from its normal position and there it would stay; and so it could be turned indefinitely upon its pedicel, standing quietly in any position within the range of more than half a circle. All the flowers of a thick cluster can thus be thrown toward any side of the stem. A consultatibn of Gray's Fl. N. Am. shows that this character is attributed to the whole genus. Its object was suggested by seeing a very natural result of this mechanism. A slight breeze, accompanied by a dash of rain, suddenly sprang up, and every flower veered about, like a most sen- sitive weather-vane, leaving only the back exposed to the wind and rain. The horizontal position of the flowers and their widely opened tubes would have permitted half of them to be filled with water had they not so quickly shifted their direction. This observation led to a thought as to the method of securing cross-fertilization in this species. The long style rises among the four stamens along the upper part of the swollen tube, being at- tached to it by an entanglement of hairs, the stigma lying close ii2 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. against the arching upper lip, while the stamens bend forward and are introrse. The mouth ot the tube is so large, that no insects smaller than the humble bees could have touched the pollen, and numbers ot them were observed busily at work. The pollen was so ripe and the stigmas apparently so immature, that it looked sus- piciously like a case of proterandry, but as only the one condition could be found, this was left as a mere suspicion. Perhaps other observers have decided it. But for a fine illustration of cataleptic flowers let me com- mend Physostegia to our teaching botanists. — J. M. C. MimulllS (leiltatus, Nutt. — Having until recently only a soli- tary incomplete specimen of this, of Nuttall's collection, I referred it with some doubt to the M. luteus, var. alpinus, in the Synoptical Flora. But in June last, Mr. Rattan found a plant, exactly* like NuttalVs, in Northern California, in the forests of Humboldt and Del Norte counties, where it abounds. It is a good species, which should stand, as I have stated, between M. luteus, var. alpinus and M. moschatus, var. longijlorus, the calyx rather that of the latter, and quite unlike that of the former. But now Mrs. Austin sends from Lassan's Peak, a var. gracilis of the same, smaller in all its parts, with leaves rather denticulate than dentate, and still more approaching the long-flowered form of M. moschatus, but almost glabrous.— A. Gray. Lililiaia borealis is found by Mrs. Anthony, of Gouverneur, New York, occasionally to produce 3-flowered and 4-flowered pe- duncles. In the four flowered specimens sent to us the axis of the peduncle is continued beyond the fork for a short distance, and then bears the additional pair of pedicels. Attention being thus called to it, 1 find 4-flowered specimens in our herbarium, collected long ago by the late Mr. Oakes. — A. Gray. Teratolooical Note. — I found a flower of Lathyrus palustris. L., having the ovary divided as far as the middle, having a style for each division.* There were 14 stamens, one of which occupied the usual position above the ovary while the rest were united; but the free end of the filaments were separated into two lots, one of 7 and another of 6 to occupy respectively two keels perfect in shape and distinct from one another. On the outer side of either keel were attached slightly the two wings. The standard was very broad. The calyx had the usual two small upper teeth, but there were five instead of three longer teeth beneath. Those who have studied this flower know that both sides of the keel are incurved thus retaining the stamens while the hairy surface on the inner side of the flat style carries out the, pollen, at the same time giving to and receiving from the insects the pollen necessary for cross-fer- tilization. All these arrangements were left uninjured by the strange multiplication of parts.— A. F. Foerste, Dayton, 0. CATALOGUE OF IIBI&IA PLAITS. This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets, has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring copies can procure them at the rate of 85 cts. per copy, or three for $1.00, b}r addressing either, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. or Prof. Chas. R. Barnes, LaFayette, Ind. Wanted. PlantcB Lindheimeri. Wislizenus' Rep. {Eng*) Plantce Nov. Thwrber. I roc Am. Acad. V. Cactacece. Address, MARCUS E. JONES, Salt Lake City, Utah. (One insertion ten cents.) R. J Cratty, Estherville, Emmet Co., Iowa.— Desires to exchange for any N Am. spe- cies not in his herbarium. J. C. Arthur, Charles City, Iowa.— Wishes 100 specimens of certain species of Drosera, Sarracenia. aid Utricularia in exchange for Iowa plants j 2t Wanted, A few specimens of Carex Pyn- naica, from this country. Frank Bush, Independence, Mo.— Desires to exchange a few trans-Mississippi species for plants from the Atlantic States. L. H. Bailey, Jr., Agr'l College, Lansing, Mich.— Desires complete specimens of the following from any locality other than the Lake Michigan region: Woodwardia angustifolia, Cnicus Pitcheri, Euphorbia potygonifolia, Populus balsamifera, var. candicans, Juncus Balticus, Calamaqrostis longifolia, & 0. arenaria, Rubus vulosus, var. albus, Cafcile Americana. Phaseolus diverstfolius, Solidago Virga-aurea, Mon- arda punctata, Cyperus Schweinitzii, Amur- antus blitoides, Corispermum hyssop if olium, Wolffias. In exchange for Michigan plants. Botanical Paper. E,:M0RRIS0N, Paper Warehouse, No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C. Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs., at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers, standard size and weight, 05 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire. Drying paper always kept on hand. Combination Offer. THE Botanical Gazette Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned: Am. Agriculturist ($1.00 a year) $2 00 Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year). 1 80 Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2 40 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) . 3 60 Torrey Bulletin ($1.10 a year) 1 85 Leisure Hour i 50 Arizona Plants. Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy season's exploration of S. Arizona and have added a large collection of Rare and New Plants to their previous valuable herbarium. They solicit early orders from their old customers and also new ones who desire a valuable set of full and excellently prepared specimens of the wonderful flora of the border. Price Per Hundred $7.50. The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num- oerjincluding all the new ones,at 10 cts. each. New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each. Agave Sholtii, @ 50 each. Mammilaria pecti- nata @ 50 each. Lilium Parryi @ 50 cents. A small quantity of seeds ot the new and beau- tiful Cujwessus Arizonica just gathered and for sale. The tree is sure to become very pop- ular as it will grow in varied climates and forms a pyramidal tree with quadangular branchlets. A few seeds of the Pinus Ariz- onica and P. Chihuahaua, &c. Address, J. G. LEMMON. OaklaniCal, . Arizona Plants. The undersigned has made very large collections of plants iu Arizona and adjoining regions, and will dispose of them at very low rates. He will also exchange specimens for standard Medical aud Surgical works, either new or second hand. For lists and terms apply to HENRY 11. RCSBY, Franklin. X. J. I n every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette. Flora of Michigan. A Catalogue of Michigan Plants, 8 vo , 104 pp., copious notes and a map of the state Contains latest and most authentic information ou distribution, frequency, etc Price 50 cents post paid. A few copies of this pamphlet may still be had by addressing the authors, CHAS. F. WHEELER or ERWIN F. SMITH, j rl Hubbardston, Michigan. nsrow BEADY. WABD'S VLOIA OF WMIIIif OH, & &, AID V IGillff . A neat octavo volume, bound in cloth, with Map of the District of Columbia Price $1 25, postpaid. James Angi.im & Co., Publishers, Washington, D- C. Full Sets of the Gazette! The Editors of the Botanical Gazette are now ready to furnish complete sets of Back Numbers. Single Volumes for $1 per Volume ; The Six Volumes Complete for $5! ADDRESS: BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Crawfordsville, Ind. TO BOTANISTS. We take pleasure in announcing as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof* Ed- ward Tuckerman of Amherst College. The title is as follows: "A Synopsis of the Nouth American Lichens, Vol. 1. Comprising the Pakmeliacei, Cladoniei and Ccenohoniei." The book is 8vo. in size, and contains nearly 300 pages. The work is not stereotyped and an extremely limited edition has been printed. The price has been lixed at $3.50, but orders received before March 1st will be filled 10 per cent. less. Orders should be sent direct to us as no discount will be allowed to ''the trade" on this book. Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to $5.00 after a certain number of copies have been sold. S. E. CASSINO, Publisher, mam. 32 Hawley Street, Boston. October, 1882, Vol. VII, No. 10. The Botanical Gazette. A PAPER OF Botanical Notes. TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 1 0 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1 .00 CONTE NTS Editorial 113 The Timber line. H. Gannett 114 A Colossal Albmn of Liviug Ferns. J. O. Lemmon — 117 Latent Vitality of Seeds 121 Trifolium kyhridiun, L. .J- F. James 121 Aralia racemosa, l«. J.F.James 122 Notulae Exigme. W. W. Bailey 122 The Darwin Memorial. J. M . C 122 A ralia racemosa. A. F. Foerste 128 Auimal and Vegetable Chlorophyll. J. M. G 123 Epipactis Helleboriae D. F Day 124 JOHN M. COULTER, Craivfordsville, lnd., M. S. 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All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be consid- ered as beginning with the current volume. Address, JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind. Ml The Gazette for|1882 will conti