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NYU I FA LIBRAR'
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. LL. GRIFFITH
SIXTEEN Til .1/ EMC) 111
THE KOCK TOMBS
OP
EL A M A Pi N A
TAltT IV. -TOMBS OF PE^TllU, MAHU, A^i D Ollll-ms
BY
N. DE O. DAY IKS
FORTY-FIVE PLATES
r, () N D O N
SOI.l) AT
The offices OF THM EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, ;37. Gufat Ki'ssf.ll Stueet. W.C.
ANii PiKiicK Huii.uiNii. (;ori,R> SyUAUK. Huston. Mass., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAIU-, 'I'KI;N(MI. TlUTHNKli .V (X)., Dkvden IIoiisk. W!, CkuuahI) .Stiikkt, Son... \V.
U. QUARITCU, 1.-.. I'licADiij.v, W. ; ASIJKl. k Co., l::, Ukiifoiui .Strket. r.ivKM Cmm.kn, W.C.
AND UIONRY I'llOWDI';, Ames Couneu, E.G.
i'JOG
r '■"';
T^ONDOX :
PRINTKD BY filLllKKT AND ItlVINCTON LTD.,
«. JOHN'S ItlUHE, CLKRKKNWEI.r., V..V .
gi^^SKUNivERsrrY
EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND
ipcesiOcnt P. G. HILTON PRICE, Esq., Dm.S.A.
\l)icc=prc6t?ciit3 Thk Rt. Hon. The Emil oi' Cuomeu, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.G.L., LL.D.,
F.K.S., F.S.A. SiK E. Maunde-Thomi'hon, K.G.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D. Tub Ri;v. Pkof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. Pnor. W. W. Goodwin (U.S.A.)
The Hon. Ciias. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.) PuoE. T. D.\y Seymouu (U.S.A.) Pkoe. Au. Eii.MAN, Pli.D. (Gcniiimy) PiioF. G. Masi'kuo, D.C.L. (France) JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia)
toil. CrcaeurctB H. A. Gruebek, Esq., F.S.A. Edwaud R. Waui.kn, Esq. (U.S.A.)
fjoii. Sccictarc J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.
rticmbcifi of
T. PL Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. ]
C. F. Mobeuly Bell, Esq.
The Hon. J. R. Carter (U.S.A.)
SoMisRS Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.
Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.)
W. E. CuuM, Esq., M.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.)
.■Vrthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., D. Litt.,
F.R.S. Prop. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A. F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. F. G. Kenvon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt.
aoninUttcc
Prof. Alkxandi;r Macalisteh, M.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGreoor, M.A.
Robert Mono, Esq., F.R.S.E.
The Marquess of Northami'ton.
Francis Wm. Peucival, Es(i., M.A., F.S.A.
Sir Herbert Thompson, Baut.
Mrs. TiKARU.
Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C.
John Ward, V.sq., F.S.A.
T. Herbert Warren, Esq., M.A.
E. TowKY Whvte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
CONTENTS
List of I'lates .....
CllAl'TKU 1. TUK To.MB OF I'lON'I'llU.
A. Architecturul Features.
The exterior .... The wiiU-tliickuesses The interior .... The condition of the tuinl)
13. The Sculptured Scenes^.
Nortli Wall— Upper Tart .
„ ,, Lower I 'art
South Wall— Lower i'art Upper i'art Titles of I'eatliu ....
Chapter II. Tiiio Sitk of tiik Southeun Tombs Situation .... Number . .
Previous records . Change of Necropolis Architecture
Tomb-forms .... Sequence .... Methods of construction Later burials Koads .....
CiiArri;K 111. Tiik, '\\n\n of Maiiii.
A. Site and condition
B. Architectural Features
C. Scenes and inscri])tions.
The wall-thicknesses
The rewards of Mahu
An insi)i'cli()ii nf I he ilufences
ri>li(ing the capital
PAGE
vii
2
.5 6
7 7 7
K 9 9 9 10 II
12 12
\S \i \h Hi
CONTENTS.
Chaptei; IV. The Tomb of Aty ..... (Jhai'tku v. The Tomb ok Rames .... Chai'J'ei: VI. The Tomb of NEFER-icnEi>EKU-HEi;-.sEici[Ei'Eii
CUAI'TKI; VII. Till: To.Mi; liF SlITI ....
Chapter VIII. Thi; Religious Text.s.
A. Their character .......
B. Louger prayers .......
C. Shorter prayers .... ...
D. Burial petitions .......
Appendix. Decorative Teciinique at Ei, Amaiina
PAGE
19 21 2.S
2.T
26 27 30 30
32
Index
34
LIST OF PLATES
WITH UKFEKKNCKS TO TlIK I'AnES DN WHICH THKY A1!K DESCUIHED.
PLATE Tonil) of I'enthu.
T. Plan and Sections .....
II. Facade .......
III. N. thickness
IV. S. thickness ......
V. N. wall : Upper Scene. A visit to the TciupK VI. „ „ 'The Teinjilt' Court
VII. ,, „ The Lesser Sanctuary
VIII. N. and S. walls. Lower scenes IX. „ Fragments .
X. S. wall. The King and Queen at meat
XI. Tombs of Penthu and Rames. Photographs
XII. Tombs of Pentliu and Mahu. I'liotographs
XIII. Southern tombs. General Plan
Tomb of iMahu.
XIV. Plans and Sections ..... XV. N. thickness. The Royal Family .
XVI. N. end Avail. The Stela . / .
XVII. Pack wall : N. side. ^lahu and his train XVill. „ ,, Mahu visits the Temple
XIX. „ „ {coiiii)inatio)i)
XX. Back wail : S. side. The Royal Chariot .
XXI. S. end wall : Leftside ....
X.Xil. Back wall: S. side. Passing the sentries .
XXIII. S. end wall. The false door .
XXIV. Front wall. Mahu exercising office XXV. S. end wall, li'ight side ....
X.WI. Front wall. Mahu brings prisoners
XXV 11. Hack wall. Doorway ....
XXVI II. Exterior. Door-jambs ....
XXIX. Fragments ......
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2S, 29 |
XXX. Tond)s 1(1 (Apy), SIa, Dr
Smaller Tombs. Plans .
11. I!t
LIST OP PLATKS.
XXXI. Tomb of Apy. Kntrance XXXII. Hymn to the Aten. Collixtion of texts
XXXIII. {The same rontinnrd.)
XXXIV. Tomlis 7a, 7b, 9b, 11 (Rames). I'lans XXXV. Toml) of Ramcs. Entrance
XXXVI. Tomb m. I 'lau and section . XXXVII. „ Sections and inscription .
XXXVIII. TomliofSuti, i'lan and sections . XXXIX. Tomlis of Suti and Apy. Inscriptions
riiotoorapliic XL. Tomb of Mahu. Entrance
The sentries ..... XLI. Mahu and the city officials
The Koyal Family driving out . XLI I. Malm's Chariot, {hil- drsign) .
Mahu. Nefertiti .... XLIIl. Tomb 1.1. Exterior. Interior Tomb of Apy. Hymn to Aten XLIV. ,, ,, Votive pieces .
„ The Royal Family .
X [iV. Rames at prayer ....
Rnmcs and his wil'e ....
ates.
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19, 20 |
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20, 26- |
-29, 31 |
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28, 29 |
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11, 21 |
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22,30 |
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23, 24 |
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24,31 |
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25, 31 |
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14,28 |
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17, 32 |
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THE
EOCIv TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
PART IV.
CHAPTEE I.
THE TOMB OF PENTHU
(°
\S)-
A. AiicinTEC'ruRAL Fmaturks.
ExTKiiioii. (I'liitcs i., ii.) — This tomb is hewn in the cliif, <iO yards or tliorcabouts to the South of No. 4 (Mcryra). The rock here forms an overhanging face about 30 It. higli, and l)y cutting back the ibot-slopc on the left luuu' a vertical wall 70 ft. long and 15 ft. high was gained for a facade with but little labour. Perhaps because by chance the rock above took the exact shaj)e of tlic usual rull and cornice, though in gigantic dimensions, the portal was furnished with no other. The ex- cavation left a protected court on tlie North side of the door, and dwellers in the desert at a later j)eriod foi'med tins info a snug abode by adding thick walls of piled stone.
The framing of the doorwav stands out in slight relief from the wall, and is (lecoratc<l in the usual way (I'late ii.). Tlie lintel has the usual device of royal and divine cartouches, flanked on each side liv tlu' figure of the deceased and his })raycr. It is the exact counterpart of that of Ahmes (III. xxvii.).-
' No. 5. (No. 2 of Lcpsius ;uui L'lIOle.) ■' A coiiiplelu Jrawiiif^ of tlio doorway was lost in transit, in. Ungfand, and had to be replaced by a less careful record. The figures on the lintel arc ordy approximately correct.
The jambs (much broken and time-worn) con- tain ihj hclep }!cle)i prayers in four columns each. (Translations on p. oO.)
Tni: Wai.i.-Tuicknesses. — Here the usual figures and prayers of the deceased are again Ibund, facing outward. They have suUcred great injury, but the texts can be restored from parallels in the tomb of Iluya. The liicro- gly|)iis were carefully formed, but retain shaj)e and colour only on the upper part of the walls. Several Greek gratliti are scratched over the figure on Plate iii., one of which reads Ep/xaio';.' i'cnthu Avears the long gown, waist- sash and sandals, and has the shaven head of the priest. Translations of the prayci-s will be found on p. '2d.
Intkuiou. — The tomb is in nearly every respect similar M fhat t.f Ahmes (111. xxvi.), being T-shaped, with the cross-corridor at the further end from the door. The inner room served as the burial-chamber, the actual place of interment being provided by a shaft, which is protected by a parapet of rock and goes down nearly 10 ft. I descended this and found a regularly-formed clianiber, 1 7 ft. long, opening out of it on till' South si.lr. It was partially
Cf. Part III., pp. 35. 3C.
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
filled witli loose stones, and liad e\'idcntly lieen thoroughly ransacked.
Beyond the cross-corridor was the Shrine. It had contained a statue or the l)lock out of which one Avas to be hewn, Init this has been entirely removed. The I'oof ol' the outer corridor is vaulted. For the trench in the floor, see Part II., p. 2.
Condition of the Tomb. — The tomb had, no doubt, been used as a dwelling-place, and to this are due two rounded niches in the South wall and a square niche in the North wall, which have removed a large part of the scenes. In order to give more light to the back room, an attempt was made to break away the whole of the framing of the inner doorway, but it was only partially carried out. The wall-surface of the long hall is in a deplorable condition. The further half on both sides is almost entirely destroyed, owing, apparently, to the poor j nature of the rock ; and the parts which have not so suffered are almost equally imsightly. The whole tomb was decorated in a peculiar way, each fifrure or sroup beinir moulded in an inset of plaster. This adhei'ed so indifferently that it has nearly all fallen aAvay, and has left simply the roughly-shaped mould which it occupied. (Pis. xi., xii.) The plates therefore give, for the most part, merely the depression which the figure was to occupy. As this sometimes closely resembles, sometimes only roughly approximates to the final picture, a suggested restoration of the outline has generally been added within.'
Despite present appearances and the aspect of the plates, the few fragments of plaster that remain in place show that the reliefs were executed with the greatest care and delicacy. The decoration of the tomb, however, remained incomplete. The lower scene on the South wall finished abruptly half way along, and of the upper design only fragments of the preliminary coloured sketch remain.
' A move detailecl description of the methods followeil by tlie sculptors is t;ivt.'n in un aiipendix, p. 3J.
B. Tnn ScuLrTuiiEJ) Scenes.
1. — A Royal Visit to the Sanctuary.
Noitli Wall. Upper Tart. Plates v., vi., vii., xi., xii.
Though this subject as a whole has no rounteri)art in other tomlis, it has resemblances. As a representation of the Smaller Sanctuary it is most akin to that in III. xxx., and to two pictures in the Royal Tomb." But in each of those scenes, the visit of the King, which is its ostensi!)le motive, is very differently pourtrayed ; while here there is added as a second motive, with a second appearance of the Royal party, tlu' Itestowal of rewards on Penthu. It has already been explained (Vol. III., p. 29) in dealing with a similar picture of the temple, that the first double-gated pylon represents the outer gate of the Temple of the Aten ; the furniture Avhich is seen behind it indicates the intervening courts or sanctuary ; and the second jjylon, with the building attached to it, is the Smaller Sanctuary.
The Pioyal party stand outside the temple, the King holding up his hands in a reverential attitude. The Princesses Mcrytaten, Meket- aten and another, with the usual attendants, accompany their })arents.'' Five chariots, one of them with royal plumes, wait outside.
The fnrnitnre, by Avhich the intei'vening places of offering are symltoli/.ed, corresponds most closely to that of the last courts of the larger temple or to that of the dependent building at the I'car of the smallei". It is only in the latter that the tables with curved legs, Avhich crowd the space here, occur again (I. xi., xxxiii.). This picture of the temple, however, finds its closest parallel in the Royal Tomb, where the rays strike through the Iniilding in the same way,
- Mon. (hi Culte il'Atonoji, I. i.
' Lepsius took away with him apiece of falling plaster, showing two heads of female fan-hearers. (FjEPSIUS, l>. Text, ii., p. 1.'33.) They must lie from this group (L'l. xi.). Dr. Schiiefer kindly sent me an excellent drawing of the fragment (No. 521 in the Berlin Museum) which is reproducetl on Plate ii.
THK TOMB OF rivVTHU.
and the joints of meat stacked on tables and in shrines are a similar feature ; but Avhere the Smaller Sanctuary, like the Greater, is indicated oidy by furniture and gates.'
I'entliu and one or two fellow-priests meet the King at the gates, and tlie picture suggests that tlie King presently took tlie opportunity to show his favour to this wortliy by substantial rewards. Possibly the similar scene belov/ (I'l. viii.) records the reward of Peuthu's in- dustry as Chancellor, that on the South M'all the honour done him as Chief Physician, or Privy Councillor, and this his recompense for true discharge of his duties as Chief Servitor of Aten, the scene of his exertions being in each case chosen as the scene of his reward. The occasion
is described as " Rewarding - the
Intimate of the King, the Chief Servitor of
Aten " Over I'cnthu's head is the
stereotyped acknowledgment by tiie lucky courtier — " Abounding in wealth and knowintr Avho l)estows it " ^ A longer inscrip- tion, which, no doubt, gave the reason for the ceremony, has fallen fi'om its setting.
The fiices of the royal pair, ton, Imvc pcriidied, with the ex(:e])tion of the chin and neck of the Queen, a fragment which, being moulded with extreme care, makes us regret the loss of the re- mainder. The mannerism of the earliest period is indeed not entirely kept undi'i-. Tiic chin, liowcver, is unexaggerated, and the neck, though lean, is such as Itossctti might have diawn. The muscles arc strongly indicated; the cliceks are hollow, giving prominence to tlie check- bones, and suggest a Iiaid, mascidine as])ect. It thus conveys a dill'erent impression from the painted profile on the opposite wall (PI. x.),
' Tlie inference wouUl lie llial tliis part of the Koyiil Toinl) was ilccoriitml at, the pcvioil of the chanRo from the South to the Nortli nceropoUs. But lliis seems im- possihle unless the one wall of the room which represents mourning for Melcctaten were docorateil later.
• Emending to
and from other portraits of the Queen (cf. Pis. XV., xxxi.) and is not convincing. The figure does not extend below the collar-bones ; for, by some inexplicable slovenliness, the cutting out of the matrix for the figure had gone no further, and the modeller in plaster, finding his basis fail, had to round oil" his work as best he could (PI. xii. d).
Dehind the Royal party is seen the familiar columned pylon, the entrance gate to the Smaller Saiictuary. The appearance of this building has already been described from better representations (III. pp. 21-1'5). The walls screening the entrance inside are shown, but t!ie only furniture of the interior now visible consists of numerous shrines stacked with bread and meat.' Tbo sun's rays penetrate the building, and the sky extends overhead till it I'eaches the supporting moun- tains.
2. — The Rewaud of Penthu.
Noi'th Wall. Lower Part. Plates viii., ix.
Sidlicient remains of this greatly injured design to show that it was the fellow and perluqjs the original of one in the tondj of Mcryra, which it rcsendiles in all essentials (I. xxix.-xx.xi.). It has been suggested already that the same subject once had a place in the hall of J'anehesy (11. p. I'D),'' and this warns us forcibly how little there may be in these pictures that is pci"soual to the owner of the tomb. As the selection of verses on tlic jjravo-
' Cf. I., viii.; III., p. i;j, where the rendering is incorrect.
* Possibly at tho time of Ihcso cnrly designs the gi-cat temple of the Aten was, in fact, little more than a scries of courts entered by pylons, and tho furniture still of the simplest. Cf. PI. xx. The sun's rays entering the building everywhere would then be even more noticenble than at later periods.
• Panehesy, as Superintendent of the Gran.irics and Cattle of Aten, would seem to have the best claim to the design, and possibly it originated with him ; for his tomb might bo contemporary with Pontbu's. Whether his fcllow-olVicials adopted it with eijual justice, or any justice, we cannot determine.
TTTR ROCK TOMES OF KL AMARNA.
stones of an Rnoiish rliurclivard are detcrniineil iniicli iiioro In' tlic liiiiited n'jtrfldirc of tlic local sculptor than by anv applicability to the deceascti, ori<i'ina,lity heiii,n' extruniely rare; so also was it in i\khetateii. So small was the number of stock de-^i.t^'ns that tlicir connection A\'ith the personal historv of the deceased might be ver}' remote. The personality of these officials oi' Akhenaten becomes very attenuated when wo observe that the tombs of Ahmes, Penthu, Pauelipsv and ^leryra are illustrated with much the same subjects, whether the owner is a High Priest, a Chief IMiysician, or a Superintendent of the Court-house. The prayers and biographical statements put into the mouth of the deceased are also largely professional compositions ; and even the sliort legends and dockets, in which we might hope to find a personal note, generally at El Amarna show signs of being stereotyped, too. There is, how- ever, a certain degree of liberty. There are, nearly always, difFerences of treatment and ex- pression ; the artist then, as now, despised the ignoble role of a mere copyist, and it is in these variations that we shall find, if anywhere, signs of individual fortune and character.
The inscription accompanying the picture of ]\Ieryra sets forth that he was rewarded for filling the temple with all kinds of provisions for offerings. The fragments of the corresponding but shorter notice here make it pi-obablo that its tenour, and even its wording, were wry similar. But the reference to Penthu is lost. Apparently similar services and i-ewards wore claimed in both cases.
yVs in the later picture,' the opening scene shows the freight ships drawn up side by side at the river bank, ^vitil th(<ir pi-ows moored to the shore. There are nineteen single-masted vessels. Fragments of plaster with detail (mooring-stakes, landing planks, cartouche-headed stcei'ing
' The full description fjiveii in Part I., pp. 3.'!-.';G, uUowf uie to lie more brief here.
paddles, figures standing by piles of produce, itc.) show that the copy of Meryra. lollowed this closely. The cattle-yards, however, are not in this tomb phiced on the river-bank, but at the end of the jjicture, ami in their place we have here a glimpse of tlic gardens ,'uid \-illas which lay along the quay. Between these and the shijis is a broad band, which may represent either the qu ly or the river. It is impossible to see whether the two strips of garden are simply such or contain colonnades." There is a strip of sky over each, indicating perhaps "hat they lie side by side, not one beyond the other. The rest of the line of buildings and gardens is lost, except for a small fragment (on a larger scale in ix. a.) The rest of the u-all-space up to the store-yard was occupied apparently by numerous chariots and their attendants.
The enclosing wall of the store- yard is shown running round on all sides. In its outer court the King and Queen, accomj)anied by three princesses, their nurses (recognizable by their bending attitude, PL ix. E.), and a numerous suite, receive Penthu. lie, on his side, has with him a considerable company of shade-bearers, scribes, officials and attendant priests; for it is presumably in his capacity of Chief Servitor of Aten that ho has earned the distinction of the golden insignia.' The response of Penthu to the King's generosity is on a strictlv official model "Give health to Phai'aoh (life, prosperity and health to him ! ), thy fair child, 0 Aten. (I rant that he may complete [thy duration; grant it for ever.] "
Behind the royal pai'ty is the granary, filled with lioa]is of grain {rL I. xxxi.) Prom here onward the wall-surface is de.stroved, ijartly In'
- Cf. the picture of the river bank in the tomb of Afay (V. v.). Mon. (Ik CiiUe d'Atmiou, 1. xxxv.
■■' See Plate ix c. .Also FVHote, Lettres P.critcs, p. Gl. Enough details of this f,'roup and its text remain to justify their restoration on the exact lines of the
1 ellliua ill I. NXN.
THE TOMB OF PENTHU.
iiiitiir;il (lc(;i\-, |i;i|-tl\- 1)\' lu.-s nl'.-i LTrfiit- palcliiu^ block Nvliicli had Ijului lit led in witli plaster. Probably a jjictiuc ol' tlic treasury uccupicd the space, but all that now rcinaias is a iragmcut showing the cattle-house. Tlic stalls are seen at the top ol' the picture, and between them and the front wall (below) arc eight (?) groups of cattle, each tended liy a cow-keeper { I'l. i.\. d., CT. 1. xxix.').
3. — I'knthi; ii(iN(iuui;i) i\ riiK I'alaci:.
South NViili. LuWLT I'ai't. Pliilc viii.
This scene seems to be similar to that on the lower part of the West wall of Ahmes (111. xxxiii., xxxiv.), and, so far as we can gather from the fragmentary state of both pictures, represents the i-cward of tlie Court otHcial. Hence the ceremony takes place in the palace itself ; the oijjjortunity thus given for architec- tural Oisjilay ])eing perhaps one reason for the introduction of the scene.
The King here sits in the great reception room of the palace, and from III. xxxiv. we should infer tluit the (^ueen was shown seated behind him.- Consistently with other representations of this hall, a I'uw of iuur coluiinis is shown.'' The picture of the interior of the palace on tlie I'iglit is different in arrangement from those hitherto met witli, and as it more nearly resembles the picture in the Southern tombs, a closer study of it iiiav l)e dcl'iTrcil.
Penthu is standing before the King in grateful acknowledgment of the royal gifts which two attendants are fastening upon him. On the left the front wall of the palace is seen, with its fayade represented above in elevation. 'I'he gateway and si(l(>-door btluw must represent the
entrance (<> the court ul' the ])alace from the street: if out of place in regard to the whole it is in true relation to the facade, and more cannot be expected from an Egyptian draughtsman. Nor is unity of time considered essential. The figure of Penthu is found again outside the gates, where he receives the congratulations of iiis friends, and, as his name and titles are seen above another group, he may have appeared there also in some othci- role or at another stage in the proceedings. His chariot awaits liim * and a military escort is in attendance. To judge by a half-effaced inscription on the left, Penthu was accompanied by a crowd of his subordinates in office.''
The gate on the extreme left (on which the last strokes of I lie sculptor seem to have been spent) appears to be a repetition of the entrance gates (cf. II. xiv.).
4 — Tin; King .\ni) Qukkn .\t Micat.
South Wall. Upper Part. Plato x.
Only a few fragments of painting remain here, but it has been found possible to build up a picture on them. Though the scene is familiar,'"' its execution is most interesting. The deft i)rush of the Egyptian draughtsman never showed to better advantage in tlie outlines secured ; for the suggestion of i-estful ease and laniruid movement is admirable. Tlie hands also show that the artist was better able to depict Hexibility and softness than the sculptor to carry it out, and the fragments of the profile convey his impression of the royal lineaments more accurately than most of the finished portraits. The shape of the cup C:*) which the Queen holds is noteworthy. The painting is in red
' I oufjht probably to have placoil two annuals only in , ■^^^^, suj^Keslcil royal plumes have no jiisliGc;itioii.
the upper f;roups also. :, ,, .j^.i,^. people of the sU)roli.iiiM' ami the .sulmnliiiales
" The su^^esteil ligure of the Queen in front is to he JiiXv (1 l"V <^-^j ^>i ' \ "'
deleted. More likely fan-bearers stood hero. of this house (reading q t""^ |' ^i^ o Sf I >>■
■■' The fourth is behind the King, passing through a i (I'lato ix. u.j
group of jars. | ''' HI. iv., \i., \.sa..
'rjlK KOCK TOMBS OF E]. AJIARNA.
outline witli the flesh in solid red, hut hluc is also used on the coILar : the eup is left white.
This group lies aljout six feet iVom the right end of the wall. It shows the King and (Jueen (with a princess beside her ?) seated on chairs, each before a pile of viands. A hand on the left suggests that a figure of C([ual size and impor- tance sat facing the King, and the picture in Huya's tomb leads us to ask if it can be Tyi. Conceivably, however, it might be the hand of I'enthu or some other official in attendance.'
5. — Titles of Penthu.
rcnthu is entitled (Plates iii. and iv.) :- Koyal Scribe. Intimate of the Iviiiir.
' The liand is at its true level in the Plate, l)ut it should Ijc sonic distance further to the left, as if it were helping itself from the same tahle.
Chief Servitor of Aten in the temjjle of Aten in Akhctaten.
Chief Physician.
Privy Councillor (ami khml).
The following epithets are also applied to him (Plate ii.) :—-
Royal Chancellor.
Sole Companion.
Attendant on the feet of the King.
Favourite of the Good God.
Beloved of his lord.
He who approaches the person of the God.
Chief of Chiefs.
Companion, chief of the Companions.
Tiiough we know little of the special duties which these varied offices and honours entailed, it is plain that Penthu's rank was high and brou";ht him into close relations with the Court.
" All these arc horrowod by or from Ahmes (III. ixvii.), along with the device on the lintel, showing that they were honorary titles only, applicable to any high official.
CHAFTEJ; II
THE SITE OF THE SOUTHERN TOMBS.
1. SiTUATinN.-— It is curioiis lluit thc l)ol<l cliffs themselves were not selected as a site I'ur thc earliest tombs at Akhetaten, but a low bank which marks the rise from the level of thc plain to that of the great wady running southward through tlic mountains. Thc rock is of thc worst })()ssil)k; nature ; the site was limited in area and lay an hour's ride south-east of tlic city. Hence after a few years it was abandoned for thc northern clilfs. These unattractive hills are bounded on the J'Jast and West by two KIwrs (drainage valleys) and arc cut into three parts by dry water-courses, descending from the level of the wady.
2. NiniiSKR. — Of the tombs excavated here, nineteen are usually open and have been num- bered : ' but there are others in a greater or less state of completion, of which eight appear on thc accompanying map (Phitc .xiii.). All the tondjs arc liable to become sauded-uji, so that many oi' the numbered tombs had to be excavated in order to secure plans. The eight lettered tombs were completely hidden and were cleared of sand by mc. j\Iost of them had been unearthed Ijcforc by MM. Bouriant and Barsanti, but no records or plans seem to have l)een made. The tombs arc betrayed at once by thc piles of stone fragments thrown out ; so that it is almost impossible that any large chamber remains undiscovered, though there might be many of thc type 9ii., 9c. There are also many small cuttings where a tomb was
' 7 to 25 in contimuUion of llio iioi'tlicrn tombs. Tliey arc often called tlic Toinhs of llayy Qandil iiflcr the nearest village on the rivur-bank.
planned or wlicucc stone was taken for inset (patchings, cornices, etc.), and these no doubt have caused disappointment to others l)esidcs myself. Of the tornljs which I opened only 7c was of any size, and uouc showed any traces of inscription except 2")A.-
."'.. rKKvinLJs ItECouns. — The buried state of these tombs, consequent on their low posi- tion, kept tiicm unknown or uucopied long after their first discovery. They seem to have been unvisited 1:)\- Wilkinson, as H.\Y,who shared with him the knowledge of the tombs of Et Til, refers to the conspicuous tomb of Ay as " the tomb opened by me." ^ Tomb lo also wiis opened by him and his companion Laverin 1830, as he recortls on its ceiling; and tombs 7 and 8 were entered, and sucli copying and planning done as were possible under the cin'um.-.tances. LTloTic did very little work here. The great advance which Lr.i'Sius made on Hay wiis more iu the j)ublication than in the extent of his copies ; for though the entrances of most of thc other tombs were plain to him, lie made no attem])t to penetrate into them. The work done by l-'rench Egyptologists on the site between 1 .S8o and 1 1102 has already been noted (Part I., p. ■'>). Tlic rcsidt of their combined labours, long delayed owin'' to thc illness and death of .M. Bouriant,
- Tlio eviiloiit excitcincnt under which M. lioiuiant worlccd can alone account for the sUvtcment that the South Kroup contains more than fifty tombs, and that all the valleys arc full of Iheni. Dciu jours dc foailks, pp. 1. 15.
■' U.VY, MSS. '29817, fol. G5.
TilK ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
lias iiou- aji[)eareil, so far us the south group is
LUllCl'rUL'll.'
4. Change of NECuorm.is. — Tlie transference of the Necropolis to the northern liills presents us with ;m unsolved problem : for the material changes that coincided with it suggest that it had real significance. The new and stricter name of the Aten comes into use ; the form of tombs imdergoes considerable alteration ; tlic Queen's sister disappears ; detailed pictures of the temple are shown and those of the palace are altered ; the figure of the deceased takes the place of the King in the doorways. None of these changes is startling ; none perhaps was sudden ; yet, taken together, they show that the Sth or Utii year of the reign marked a turning-point. Probably it exhibited in some definite way the success of the revolution : only a very partial and short-lived success, no doubt ; yet not to be a i'ailurc was already much.
1 1 may well be supposed that up to this point all had been in doubt. Now (surely by a com- promise) civil peace was assured. The city had been solidly founded ; the temple and the palace erected ; - the boundaries of the sacred district Solemnly confirmed ; tlie Queen's sister married
' Monuiwnls imir scrvir i). I'rtade da Cidlc d'Alonoti, en Egyptc. Tome I. Lcs Tomhcs dc Khotiilatonou. Par MM. U. BouTxiANT, G. Lf.grain ct G. Jequier. 1905. The previous publications of texts, I've, by IVF. Uoubiant (Deux juurs dc fouilles a Tell cl AiiKinia) nnd M. Dahhssy (lieciicil, XV., p. 36) Ijcinr; suiiersedod by ami refeneJ to in that work, 1 shall not cite them in addition.
As far as possible I have worked on the site with previous copies before me ; so that where I dill'erfrom my predecessors I must be understood to have fullv con- vinced myself that they were in error. I may add that, except for deliberate mutilations, and inscriptions in ink on the facade or in the entrance of tombs, the records, with i-are exceptions, do not appear to have deteriorated since the days of Hay.
■ Perhaps temporarily the court had settled further to the south (in the mansion with tlic smaller painted pavement?), but now moved noi-thward to the newly- built quarter of tlie city ; the necropolis, naturally, shiftiii'' will] il.
(iir, in a wav, perhaps, that bad jiulitieal results'' ; a new influx from Thebes was changing some- what the fii'st fashions in which the King's inllucncc and local mannerisms had been un- challenged. All this is hypothetical ; but some such change, important yet not radical, seems indicated.
5. AiiCiiiTECTURE. — The originality so marked at this epoch in other directions is not less pro- minent in tomb architecture. There was a com- plete break from the traditions of Theban tombs both in foi'm and in mode of decoration. The ordinary T-shaped chamber is unknown at J'^l Amarna, and so also is decoration in colour on plaster. Papyrus columns everywhere replace the sijuare jnllar of rock where support is needed for the roof. If Akhenaten fails to win our ad- miration away from the bright colour and rich de- tail of the Theban tomb, his architecture at least is in the highest degree imposing, especially in the Southern Group, where the larger tombs almost reach the dignity of rock-temples. There is no other necropolis like this in l^gypt. Beside the solid masonry of Saqqareh, the magnificent simplicity of Beni-Ilasan, the rich colouring of Thebes, must be set the graceful architecture of the tombs of Hagg-Qandil. The row of complex columns finishing at the wall in jiilasters with cavetto-cornice, and carrying either a simj^le or a corniced architrave, is an architect- ural element which, by its harmonious blending of straight lines with curves and of the plain with the broken surface, may bear comparison with features of classical ai'chitecture that have become imperishable models. The breaking of the plain wall-surl'ace by double corniced l)ortals, or by the door and lattice, also shows admirable decorative taste, and we can only regret that no free-standing building remains in Akhetaten. Unfortunately the period was so short and the work so luu'ried that we have to
' Put not, it would seem, to Iloreniheb, the future Iving of Egypt. See Sethe, J./. I'JOD, p. 131.
Tin: siTK oy riiK southeiin tombs.
ciiinj)k'lc the toiiil)s iii iiiiauiniititiii. One aiid all tliuv I'liinniu skc^tclii'S whicli sliow the restless genius of the iirtist; tiiul if there seems no great variety of type, no more indeed than indicates tliat the type was variable, we must rememl)er tliat the tomlis of the griuip iipjiear to be the product of two or three years at most.
(I. ToMB-FOK.Ms. — The most natural impulse in tomb-(|uarrying is to gain wall-space with least labour. To this the corridor answers best. It might lie athwart the entrance or in line wilh it, and though the latter arrangement had llu' advantage of taking small I'rontage space, the cross corridor was generally adopted, as it secured room for expansion, in the South group only tombs 18, !',( and iM adnptcd tin; direct corridor. It was imitated in tombs.') and o, but there the cross-corridor (with false doors) Avas added at the fiuihcr end, thus forming an exact T.
The smallest ton d)s are all of the cross-corridor type, with a false door (shrine) at each end and another opposite the entrance (tombs 7, 11. IT"). If time and means permitted, the breadth of ihu corridor was doubled, the back wall becoming a row ol' colnnnis do'wn the cinitre (conunt'nced ii. Nos. 10, li', 2(1; nearly completed in 7c, 13). Or it might be trebled or (|uadruplcd by having two rows of colunnis (Nos. S, l-l, l(i) or three (No. 25). Two false doors to right and left on entering still bori' witness to the embryo-form, though these might be repeated in the new cross-aisle (Nos. S, IG). Not that the develop- ment actually took place in successive strijjs. After the cross-corridor was finished the central aisle might be run out to its limit, and the excavation begun to right and left (Nos. 21, 22).
The simple cross-corridor tond) was, however, not really complete. It had no place for burial (only a shaft in the chamber in tond) 1 1 ), and il was intended that the <li»)r in the back wall should lead t<i a rurthcr I'miin, iu which nr through which the burial place should be i reached. In the tomb of Mahu (No. '.)) this ,
room was left ijuitc simple and small. In Xos. S and I ■) this inner room was meant to become a inany-columned chamber.' Where the cross-cor- ridor had become a columned hall, it was felt ad- visable to begin the burial ])lace at once, placing it at the end of a flight of steps leading down from the floor (iu the left-hand back corner, Nos. 8, lo, II, IG, 2o). If the stairway Wiis extensive, it was made to turn on itself so as to keep within the area of the tondj. The stairway, when in the secuud chamber, was on the right (Nos. G, 'J,
7. Si'.QUicxcK. — It is dillicult to determine the order of succession of the tombs in this grou]). The I'rincesscs arc always three in iiuiiiber, excejit in tombs '.) and 1 I where Mci'v- taten alone appears. Rcasnus will be given for doubting if these two tond^s can really date as early as Akhenatcn's fifth or sixth year. All the
! tombs therefore seem to be practically of one period, and I am unable to suggest witli confi- dence any sc([ueuce among them. Tombs 8 and 23 show examples of the later form of the name of the Aten, and tond) 1) uses no other. These,
I then, we should expect to be latest in date.
8. ;\lETnODS OF CONSTKUCTION. — As will be
seen in dealing with separate tombs, they are all I more or less unfinished, and the decoration of all is seriously incomplete, lividently the work w;is done in the utmost haste. The shrewd king seems to have seen that the best way to biiiil his courtiers to Akhetaten and to his enterprise there was to let them see their future halls of burial already l)lanned on anelalxirate scale andactualiy begun. A tondj was invariably ([Uarried fmrn
' Il is fioiii tills lypc liiivt tlic lai";,'ci" tombs of tlie North {^roup arc developed, but willi coiisideiublc cbiingcs of diiiieusions and airangcnienl. The two false doors aro still seen in the first chamber of Mcryra (No. -1) and of I'ancliesy (No. G). In the latter tliey are Ininsfcrred to llic back wall.
* When the inner room \v;us u<lded in No. ti, the provisional burial place iu the outer hall was abandoned for a more elaborate one in its true place, the second chamber.
10
THE ROCK 'I'OMBR OF EL AMARNA.
the roof (lownw.'irils, and to the hist tlic coiling remained the most finished and accurate portion; so that the modern surveyor is ohliged to adopt the hdjorious and inverted method of taking the ceiling as the basis of his plans. The reason for this is not far to seek. When one tomb was be- gun before its neighljour had been completed, it was advisable that the latter should have marked out its claim to frontage by excavating the whole breadth within. This is in fact always i'ound to have been done, even if the torn)) \v^as left unfinished in the rear (cf. Nos. l-l, '22, 25, etc.).
A further peciiliaritv of these tombs is that they were cvidentlv liiiished piecemeal as the work went on ; the last smoothness and detail were given to the ceilings, architraves, cornices of doors, and capitals of columns, while the other half of the tomb, the column, the doorway, was still a mass of rock. The explanation, however, is not that, owing to a childish impatience to reach pleasing results or in order to avoid the use of scaffolding, the toml) was completed in sections: this feature is the direct result of the conditions under which the work was done. So hasty was it, so insecure the supply of labour, so remote the chance of completion, that the most expeditious method was the oidy metiiod. Quarriers, finishers, plasterers and decorators were employed upon the tomb simultaneously, one following upon the other's heels ; and when, as was feared, the quarriers were called away from the half-exca- vated toml), the finishers employed the interval that must elapse before new work was prepared for them in completing the chamber to the limit that their forerunners had set them. The plas- terers moulded and whitewashed the capitals of columns regardless of the fact that the shaft was still unformed and that their work would be seriously impaired, if not destroyed, should the excavation ever be proceeded with. The decorators and sculptors, who found a propei'Iy smoothed wall, sketched out, sculptured and
painted their scenes, though half the chambei", or all save the doorway, was still virgin rock. This procedure has been justified. J5ut for this unmethodical haste there could have been no architectural beauty and no texts or scenes in the necropolis ; for not a single tomlj reached comjjletion, and only in two cases arc even the interiors perfectly ready for decoration. This must be remembered in appreciating architectural features, and not less in drawing conclusions from the scenes. No evidence can be gathered from the absence of certain representations, for the subjects which would have occupied the remaining walls are iiu- kno^vll to us. As a matter of fact all the pictures ^ve have in this group, with the ex- ception of those in the tomb of Mahu and one in the tomb of May, are three separate versions of the same design, showing the reward of the official from the window of the palace (Tombs 7, 8, 25).
The tombs and their sculptures lie open also to the charge of being "jerry-built"; for the material in which they are excavated is tpiite unsuited to their ambitious designs. The ad- mirable lines of cornice and column and the fine detail of sculpture are all executed in plaster. The stone basis for both is often of the roughest description. Many of the columns, owing to faults and fissures in the rock, are largely made up of plaster. No doubt a great deal of bad work, due to haste, has also been covered up in this way. But the Egyptian Avork in plaster was so excellent, and tlie insecure basis for this rock-architecture is so little to lie suspected even now, that the passing centuries must be considered to have sufficiently vindicated the ancient architect.
9. IjATEr Burials. — Most, if not all, of the tombs have been re-used for later burials, bones and great mounds of sherds outside the principal tombs witnessing eloquently to the fact. Large numbers of coflius were, I believe, found by the first excavators, many being burnt and others
'I'llK SITE OF TnK SOTTTIIEUN TOMBS.
11
removed to Cairo. No notes of this Depart- mental undertaking have been i)ublislied.^
10. Roads. — As in the Nortli group, broad tracks, swept clear of stones, lead from the vicinitysof the ancient town to many of the chief tombs. They are marked on I'lato xiii. fur a certain distance, but after three or four hundred yards from the tombs they visibly swerve from tlie straight line and often bend con- siderably, perhaps because several ran into one.^ Their full mapping remains to be done.
' I hope to be able later to obtain a little evidence on the subject from the heaps of debris and from the JcUahin who did the work.
* Von their furllier course, consult Pktuih, T. A., pi. xxxv. Their number and direction is given in Lepsius, D. Text, ii. p. 148.
The following notes on this sul)ject may be added : —
From Tomb 25. — Two roads; one leaving at 319", one at 322^, and seeming to strike the river bank at points .'517" 30' and 333^ 30' from the tomb. Twenty and twenty-two feet
Ijroad.
From Tomb 23. — Thirty-fiur feet broad.
Fi'om Tomb 22. — Very straight. Tweuty- fivc feet broad.
From Tomb S. — Appears to strike tiie bank 303° from the door of the tomb. Twenty-nine feet broad.
The uninscribed tomb.-;, uf which some plans arc given on Plates xx.k., .xxxiv., will be noticed in Tart V.
12
CIJAI'TEK IIJ,
THE TOMB OF MAHU (^
A. Sl'I'IO AND CiiXMITlnN iiK 'rui'; Td.MI'..
Tins tiniil) was dpnii'il l)v M. Isuuriant in ISS.') - for tilt' I'lrst tiiiK'.
Miiliu, Chief of I'olicc, was Ijctter ■aw.wv tliaii any one of tlie risk, or ratlier the cei-hiiutv, that liis tomh wouhl ho phiiidereil after his deatli. Instead, tliercfore, nl' hewin^u' ids clnunhers conspicnonsly in tht' fare of tiie Idils overloolvin.u" tlie plain, lie eliose a retired spot wliere tiie jrronnd was almost tlat. Drivinr;- a narrow- stairway to a, snitie.ient depth he formed his ''eternal home" eellar-wise there, wliere the whirling sands wonld qnickly conceal it. Though his aim was not pt'rmanentlv secured, the ruse was partially successful. The little torn!) remained innnune, not only during the religious reaction that soon occurred, hut from the assaults of modern thieves. Tl' his little chamber is now the most atti'active of the Southern tombs, it is owing not only to the ])eculiar interest of the scenes but also to the unsullied whiteness of a large part of the walls.
B. AijcurrKcniKAi, Fkatuuks. The toinb is of the simple cross-corridor type, with a second chamber in the axis of entrance
' Tomb 9. Tlie name is spelt (or misspelt) in four other ways in the tomb by tlie slovenly scnl)e. By eri-or a h (?) precedes the niime on the right jamb outside (Phitc xxviii.). Can it he this blunder th;it has indueed the editors of tlie French publication to transliterate the name by :^^ahhou ? ft was correolly >,'iven in the first instance by M. Bonriant,
■ BOUIUANT, />».,- jours lie fniiillc%, p. l(j. As nii,i^hl be expected from this lille, the excavation seems to have been of the mostsununary sort. The tomb was i)uhlislied last year in Mon. du Calle d'Atonou, I., oh. xv.
through which the jilace of burial is reached. 'I'his inner chamber is roughly hewn and askew, and the shrine at the back of it remains an un- iinished doorway, h'rom this chamber a winding stairway of 47 steps leads down to the burial- place, making more than a complete turn before the owner was satisfied. Two flights bring one to a small chamber, and from the floor of this two flights more descend to a room at double the depth of the first. This contains a, l)urial- pit with a rough chamber at one end for the actual interment. The pit had been filled up with round boulders and loose stones. A niche in the wall at the foot of the first flight of steps may be a later lonihi^ for burial.
The intermediate chamber seems to reflect the uncertainty of life and fortinie in Mgypt. Had Mahu died or fallen from favour just then, this proyisional chamber must ha\e formed his place ol' sepulture. The prospect of sudden arrest, or of possible elaboration of the work, seems to have often affected the plans of the Egyptian architect, as it not infrecjuently does those of his modern successors. Sometimes, l)crhaps, the stojipage was deliberate, the coveted achievement being so far beyond the immediate resources of the official that it was impossible to execute the whole plan at one outlay.
The inscribed chamljer in all finished tombs of this group has a doorw.ay at each end. Jn this tomb, however, this i'eature is replaced at the North eml by a round-topped stela; while the other, though of the usual form, has its inner l)ai't inscribed, thus obviating the possibility of hewing a chamber or statue-shrine there. These doorways, plainly, have been interpreted as door-
THE TOMB OF MAIIU.
13
shaped stelae and decoi-atively treated as suc.li ; i whole wall.' The prayer, wliich is a duplicate of
the North stela being just a repetition of the I that on the opposite wall with one or two
inner design of its fellow, omitting the dooi-- I variants in spelling, occurs four times in this
framing. A single step leads up to the latter: lomh alune,= as well as in those of Apy, Any,
two steps to the former. The sculpture in each j Tutu, and of Meryia in the North Group. (A
case shows acts of worship Ijy the royal family. ' collation of these texts will be found on Plates
The profile of the (^uecn is repeated in line on xxxii., xxxiii., and a translation on p. 28.)
Plate xxix., and in photograph on Plate xlii.
The texts in this tomb contain the most
The fagade of the tomb occujjies only the extraordinary erroi's and are often unreadable as breadth of the narrow stairway, and hardly they stand, the decorator being plainly incapable admits even of the door-fi'aming. The cornice of reading a word of that which he copied and and the scene on the lintel are almost Aveathcred having besides a corrupt or illegible exemplar, away. The inscriptions on the jambs, as well The portraits of :N[ahu which so often recur in as those on the corresponding doorway to the ' the tomb agree fairly well with one another :
inner chamber, are translated on pp. 3<', ;JI.
but as they also dift'er little, if at all. from the
The walls of the outer hall were to have been typical Egyptian oHicial, they cannot be taken fully occupied by scenes in two series, an upper , as a serious attempt at portraiture.
and a lower ; but, as is
iiivai'iah
ly the case in i The faces of the royal pair in the tomb are
these tombs, the woi-k is uiifiiiisluMl. As a con- well j)reserved and coiilirm the most pleasiu"' setiucncc the walls ali'ord a most interesting and least bizarre examples elsewhere. The exhibition of the technical methods employed ; King's profile in Plate xv., where the work is on for they remain in almost every stage from the j the largest scale and most carefully executed, ink sketch to the finished ix'lief. In most cases | strikingly resembles the plaster head found by
the paint seems not \-et to have; been applied. The scene on Plate xv., however, has received part, if not all, of its colouring, and the hieroglyphs on the door-jambs, instead of I)eiug as elsewhere in siniplc IjIuc, ai-e in vai-ied colours. Attention is called in the tcc]inii|uc later (Jii
(p. :i2).
C. Tllh: SOKAK.S AM> r\sci;irTioNs.
I . — TiiK W'ai.i.-tiiicknkssks.
Plates XV., xxix., xl.
The sides of the siiort entrance-passage to the tomb (representing the Ihicknesscs of the wall ) are ornamented in the way almost universal in the Southern tombs. On the left, namely, the iloyal family arc shown saerilicing at the altar of the Aten (I'lates xv., xl.), an<I, in a lower panel, i the (igurc and liturgy of the deceased (I'l. xxix.). On the other side the latter subject occujiies the
Professor Petrie in the mined town.' Tiie ]iro- portions of the figures are l)ad, erring above all in the excessive size of the head and shortness of the thighs. Yet they do not show the anatomical enormities which, thou"h rarely ])erpetrated in tiiinl)-scul])ture, are often considered characteristic of the jjcriod,* and are even supposed to reproduce similar [diysical peculiarities of the unhappy pair.
The scene in PI. xv., in which the Kingpoui-s incense or oil' on the (laming bowls, while the
' The figure is shown on Plate xxix. ; the whole in
Moil, tin Ciiltc d'Aloiwu, I., p. 07 (with some inoccura- cit'S ami oinissioiis).
■ For variants in the four texts of this tonih consult i'art 1., pp. 50, 51, where the text of Plate xxix. = Maliu (I, that of PI. xvi. = Malm fc, that of the S. thickness = Mahu c, and that of Plate xxiii. = Malm (/.
•■' PKTiin:, T. A., Frontispiece.
* Chaiacteristic perhivps of work of the first few years of the rei^n, (boundary stelae, stelae in the palace, trial pieces, etc.).
'- Cf. 11. xxxii. for the shape of the vessel.
14
TITK ROCK TOMBS OF ET, AMARNA.
Queen ofiers tlie srepti'e and n lamp (?) ^^ucli as already burns on tlie sacrifice, calls for little comment. llibbons secure the uraei to the
Queen's hea(l,o;ear or roil]
iirr.
The Kinir's
sporran (in faint red ink) seems to have been sewn with ornaments of inlaid enamel and fringed with glaze pendants.
Here and elsewhere in the tomb only the first- born daughter, ]Merytaten, is shown;" but against the inference that the woi'k belongs to the earliest years of the reign is to be set the fact that in this tomb the cartouches of the Aten take their later form.^
It scarcely seems possible that the tomb should have been decorated before the birth of Meket- aten. For we ihid tlie li\'mn to the Aten already composed, plagiarized and corrupted ; the town guarded by forts ; its police and government org.anizcd ; the peculiar artistic style and methods of decoration fully developed. It seems more likely that the artist liad no place in the pictures cxcejit for the heiress, wlio Avas now old enough to ajipear with her parents in public.
2. — Tiiic RinvAKn.s of ■\[Aiir.
Front Wall, N. lialf. Buck 'NVall, N. half. Tlatos xvii., xviii., xix., xxix., xlii.
The scenes in the hall itself have two subjects, the duties and the rewards of Mahu. The former subject occupies the South, the latter the North half of the chamber. In e\'ery case the scenes on each side of the stelae on the end walls form a part of the larger picture on the adjacent wall.
The design on the North half of the front wall is gone, but a fragment in ink which survives (PI. xxix.) shows that on the upper part Mahu was seen receiving the customary honours at
' Cr. Stf.in'iioufp, Bliilc~cil, pp. lOG, l.'JT. - One also in tlu; tomh of Eames (PI. xxxv.) ; two on most slelao ; not less than three olsewliLTe.
•" As in the tonil.) of ;\ny and once in that of Tutu.
the hands of the King from the window of the palace.
On the North half of the back wall we have as the upper picture the ink fragment shown in IT. xvii. ; the parts on the extreme left (end wall) and on the extreme right are completely effaced. The former probably contained addi- tional attendants and soldiery ; the latter evidently showed the loggia of the palace from which the collars were being handed to Mahu by the King. "What is left shows us the waiting chariots, the crowd, the close attendants of Mahu, and a second figure of that official, " Mahu, commandant of the Mazau of Akhet- aten."^ By virtue of his office he appears to have been entitled to have a standard carried be- fore him. Unfortunately the design on the panel cannot any longer be deciphered with certainty ; it ai)pears to present the execution of an enemy by the King. Malm's men are ranged behind him unarmed. He himself is lifting his hands in excited salutation and says, "Thou makcst great by troops and troops ; thou, the ruler of Aten (?), thou shalt live for ever."^
The lower scenes (Pis. xviii., xix.) differ little from the last, except that the temple is substi- tuted for the palace, indicating another occasion and place for the reward of this important public official. The completion of the palace and temple would be great public events in Akhetaten, and Mahu might well receive tokens of court favour on both occasions. Or perhaps the artist in decorating the tomb rather had it in mind to indicate Mahu's responsibilities : the temple and the palace which he had to protect, and the system of defences round the city wdiich he had to maintain. In all this, of course, Mahu did excellently and reaped generous recognition.
The whole of this picture, being also merely
* The Mazau formed the police force in important centres, being recruited principally from a Nuljian trihe of that name. Their Connnandant was responsible to the Vizier or Governor.
'■' Cf. III. xii.
THE TOMB OF iMAHU.
15
sketched out in black ink,' not only aifords an example of the skill and method of the ancient draughtsman and of the basis which was given to the sculptor for his subsequent work ; but, owing to its provisional character and to the manual dexterity which it betrays, it brings the day of its execution singularly near to us. The man whose brush traced these clever sketches seems to have but left his task for a moment and to be still in our midst. AVe can see the sculptor, too, who had looked forward to this task, when pressure of work elsewhere called him away from the tomb, deferring his departure for half-an-hour while his deft tool modelled a head of Mahu, which was to remain for all time the only advance on the ink design (I'hotograjih, PI. xlii.) Or perhaps ]\Iahu him- self, intensely chagrined at the stoppage of the work, would not release the craftsman until he had at least seen his own portrait elaborated.
Mahu, wearing the festal cap, and with his neck laden with collars, kneels in prayer or liomage before the great gate of the temple. The whole scene is the familiar one of the reward of the faithful official by the King, and the inscriptions confirm it. The King, however, is not present, uuless the scene on the other side of the door (PL xxii.) is to be brought into connection with it. Otherwise we must suppose that Mahu, after being honoured as shown in the scene above, presented a thankofrerin" at the gate of the temple, and this prayer for his royal master, "Health to | I'liaraoh] ! Life, prosperity and health to him ! n A ten, vouch- safe him forever, (namely) Ua-eu-ia, who forms by (his) Art."
Mahu is followed by liftcen of his men, " the i Mazau of Akhetaten," led by their officer and a i standard-bearer, whu nil ])raise their God or I their King with upraised arms and crv, " The good ruler (?) who makes monuments to the
Facsiiuileil lici-o fioiii tracings.
Father! He does it again and asain, for ever and ever. The good master ! "
In the row above, Mahu is seen again at the head of his force. It is led as before, but is now ranged in six ranks of five.- A formal review of the police of Akhetaten may have pre- ceded the honour shown to their Commandant, or it represents the orderly march to the temple. Above them is written, " the police of Akhet- aten sing and shout the refrain' (lit. ' so as to say.') ' He promotes [in masses, in masses. So long as Atcn dawns] he will endure eternally.' " *
Claim's charioteer and saises outside the crowd join in a similar cry, " He promotes by (?) num- berless masses. He shall live eternally like A ten." Women and children (of Malm's harem ?) join in the general jubilation. (Photograph, PI. xlii.)
o. — A llovAr, Inspection of tiik Dkfences.
Back Wall. Soulh end. Plates xii., xx., xxi., xxii., xl.
This picture has such evident reference to Malm's calling that it must have been desi<rned for this tomb. Nothing similar occure else- where, though the chariot and the occupants were reproduced l)y Ahmcs (III. xxxii., x.xxii. .\). Ill I'l. XX. the myal chariot is .seen leaving the temple. This building is repre- sented, as in PI. xviii., simply by the front elevation, a mode which is not elsewhere em- ployed. A peculiarity is the terrace, reached
• In l)Otli cases tiioso willi tin.- poinU'd (laps to their tunics arc to tiiosc with a siiuarely -ending clotli as two to one ; whctlier as indicating a dilTercnco of roco or function, or merely for diversity's sake, is not clear. Five men sccui to form a unit.
3 ro
or
.omitting <=>, must
he meant. This scriho is capable of any error.
.ReadingpX^iT^^^'^JT^ 1'^^^i^i^i• Cf. I. vi.i,: III. xii
O xvii.
svi..
IC
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
by an ascent, on wliicli it is sot: an explana- tion of this has lieon previously suggested.'
The Queen and Princess are in the King's chariot, instead of each driving her own, as in later representations. The Queen, regardless of the situation, seems to pester tlic King witli talk, though his whole thonght is given to the manairement of his steeds. These are not the more easily controlled because little Meiytaten is playfully poking their haunches with a stick ! (1*1. xii. c.) Tt will be noticed how exceptionally human and unrestrained the pictures are in this tomb, and in considei-ation of this we may well pardon ]\rahu and his artist their illiterate texts.
The officials have an even more difficult task than the King. Not only ^lahu and his fifteen police (I'l. xxi.), Imt also the plump vizier and his deputy, feel obliged to run l)efore the chariot. The "•ait of these two is smifo-cstivelv constrained in comparison with that of the active policemen. The objective of the ex- cursion is the little blockiiouse shown on PI. xxi. above the door." It is merely a windowless tower entered by a door on the ground iloor, with provision for defence from the roof by means of ci-enellatcd and overhanging ramparts. A ijrotection is afforded airainst ni^iit attack Ijv a quadruple line of posts round it, connected by rails or ropes. Probably thev are rather in the nature of entanglements, set a short lieight from the ground, and may easilv have been arranged so as to give an alarm within when displaced.^
' Part III., p. 24. For the faoadc with masts see I. xii., xxvii., II. xviii. In Plato xviii. here the terrace is emphasizetl, and there arc shown to ri^ht and left of the colnmns those pilasters in which each row of columns terminates, and which are such a feature of the local tomh-architecture See alsoil/ou. (7;(. Cnlte d'Ato7iou, 1. i.
- For the arranf,'enient of this wall see the Kej' on Plate xxviii.
■' This device is shown ag.ain in PI. xxii., where truly one would have expected the posts to have appeared in elevation rather than in plan. It is a little more easy to explain if the obstruction was set low down. It m.ay he added that the sentries in Pi. xxviii. are not lioldinrj the rope or rail, as has been stated.
Lower Scenes (Pis. xii., xxi., xxii., xii.). — The rotuid of inspection seems still to be the subject. The King is on the point of setting out again, and is turning in his chariot to take leave of tlie deputy-mavor (I'l. xii.). The artist represents Mahu's activity and ubiquity in a striking way. He is there behind the vizier of Akhetaten to raise a loyal cry in farewell — " 0 Ua-cn-ra, thou livest fw- ever ; thou who hast built Akhetaten, acting as Ra himself (?)." lie is seen again at the head of the police that remain behind, yet kneels in front of the detachment that prepares to run behind the chariot ; none the less, when the chariot ap- proaches its destination, he is foremost in greeting it.
The chariot, as it passes from the guard- house to the city (?), takes a road flanked with sentry-houses to right and lei't. These, too, like the block-house, are linked together by post and rail, for better defence against surprise (PI. xl.). Each sentry has his prescribed beat, and as the royal chariot passes each inclines in respectful salute, or lifts his hands in acclaim, according as he perceives his master act. The unarmed escort of police seems to witness still more powerfully to the popularity of the King and the law-alnding character of the I'ity.
4. — Policing the Capital.
Front Wall. South end. Plates xxiv., xxv., xxvi., xii.
Upper Scenes. — No written clue being given, the scenes upon this wall are a dumb show which might admit of more than one interpretation. The picture has been thought to represent the taking of oiirui dues at the outposts from cai'avans or peasants coming into the city with produce. It must be remembered, however, that almost the whole of the supplies of Akhetaten would be likely to reach it by river, cultivable land on the east bank beino- scanty and the roads to North and to South mountaiudus. We have already seen the im-
TllK 'I'OJIIi OF MAHU.
posts wliicli were Inid upon tlu'. suiToundin^ country for the support of the temple arriving in this Avay.* Probaljly, too, the scribe who is ever to the fore on such occasions, would be more noticeable.
I would ratlier suggest that the scenes show Mahu superintending the periodical revictual- linix of tlie iruard-houses. Above the door in I'l. xxv. Mahu, with a detachment of ten men, is seen coming, as I assume, to take what is requisite from the (iovernmenfc stores in the city, Avlicre wine, furniture, vessels, cloth, sacks, &c., are to be had. An employe there seems to be foi-bidding him to take any- thing without a siiiucd warrant. On the \-\<A\i therefore (1*1. xxiv.) we sec Mahu having a colloquy with the vizier of Akhetaten - and a
lesser official, " of the Lord of the
Two Lands, praised by liim, llecianefer."
They are gathered round a bnizier of bui'iiiug coal or logs, which is always welcome early in the day during the Egyptian winter. The result is satisfactory, and when Malar' returns to the store with his authorization he meets with a very different reception from the authority in cliai'ge. I'^verything and every- liody is now at liis disposnl.
^lahu draws his supply of weajjons, etc., from the stores, l)ut the (laily tale of fresh provisions is I)roug]it liy the villagers to the gunrd-lmuse. This scene is shown in the lower di\ision of Plate xxiv. There, women and children are seen bringing fish, bread, water-jars, and even flowers, on asses, or on their shoulders. They arc received at the guard-house, and when tlii.' quota is complete the scribe reports to ■\Ialiu, wlio, attended bv his dog, inspects tlie array of food (Plate xxv.). The block-house is similar
to that already seen, but here the inner arrange- ment is shown. It is apparently three-storied, the ground-floor being used for storage of food ; the room above as a guard-room, for here a fully armed sentry keeps his watch ; while the topmost storey forms an armoury (PI. xxiv.).
FiOWKU Sf'ENKs. — The meaning of the picture
Ijelow is somewhat more obvious. In the early
morning ^lahu is called out of his house to hear
a report of his subordinates.' A brazier of
burning embers is brought outside and blown
or stirred into a bright bla/.e by a house-servant
(Pis. xii., xxvi.). There ^lahu, leaning on Ids
staff, listens to the news. The whereabouts
of some malefactors has been discovered. .\t
once every one is alert and brisk. The
chariot already awaits its master, and a posse of
six men is running at the summons, armed
with batons, curious forked sticks, and a
javelin {i). Mahu, escorted by four of his men,
drives off, and the capture is effected. It is
his duty to bring offenders before the vi/.ier
for judgment, and this final episode is also
represented. The vizier stands outside the
porch of a gateway, attended by "the cliicf
princes of Pharaoli (Life, Prosperity and Health
to him ! ) and the commanders of soldiery who
stand in the presence of His Majesty" (PI. xii.).
I^lahu dismounts and brings forward his
prisoners with the words, " J'lxamine ye. 0
princes, (these) men whom the foreigners liave
instigated " (V). Tiie three hand-cuffed wretches.
I who seem to be spies or assiissins, are of
I different nationalities; one may be an Egyptian,
I the others pcrliaps Bcdawin. The exclamation
I of the vizier, " As the Aten cndureth ! As the
' ruler endurcth ! " probably evinces his adiniia-
tion at the imi)ortiuice of the capture. '
It is a scene which, in reference to a smaller
PI. viii., and I. xxix.
« WliiU rc'iinuMs ui 111. iiik-skelch of bis liomo is sliown oil
- I am indclitcil to Mi". Grillilh for tla- (h-ociso
■' His title is scaicfly logible, but his dress is dis- on PI. xxv. Nolo csppoially llic figure of tlic sen-anl tinctivc. I warming bis bands over tlie (ire.
•■ The hieroglyplis overliead only S'^ve his name and rank once more. \ signilicuiice of tbc final scone as Kiveii above,
I'
I
18
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AJtARNA.
matter, might be enacted in any Egyptian village to-day.' As to the jars, etc., whicli
' Curiously enough, while engaged upon the scenes, I had a striking proof that life in Egypt is little more mut- able than the art which represents it. Being called out of the toml) one day by the sound of voices, I found that the police of the excise had lain in wait in tlie early dawn and had captured two miseralile salt-diggers, whom they were driving off to the village, bent double iis in tbe picture ;
appear above the chariots, it is liard to say whether they connect this scene with that above, merely fill up space, or represent stolen property recovered by the activity of the Mazaii.
no doubt to go through a similar examination from the village dignitaries in tbe midst of the ruins of Akhetaten. And yet the world moves I This contemptible salt-mono- poly was abolished a few months later.
19
CHAPTER IV.
THE TOMB OF APY
il
A. AUCHITKOTHKAL FkATURES.
Plate XXX.
This toinh ms it stands is siuall, siin^jlo, and rnde. Only the door and cntr;ince-way are completed and decorated. The passage to it through the rock slope has not yet been cut down to the floor-level, so that one descends by rough steps into the tomb. The framing of the doorway had the customary form nnd decoration, but only the inscription in coloured hieroglyphs on the right jamb is now worth reproduction (PI. xxxix. Translation on p. 31). 'J'hat on the left-hand had similar cartouches and apparently the same text, but the personal name had not been cut. Tiie lintel showed the familiar design (if the King, (^ueen and three ])rinccsses wor- shipping the sun, but it is almost erased. The tomb wasprobal)ly sanded-up when tlie religious reaction took place, and did not sutler outrage. Hence the two sides of the entrance provide us on the one hand with the best-preser\'ed poi-traits of the King and Queen, and on the other with the best-preserved text of the shorter hymn to the Aten.
Tlic interior is very rough. The narrow cross-cori'idor was t<j l)e etdarged into a hall, with a row of four colunuis and two pilasters down the centre. These features, however, ;in' ciiilv niugiilv blocked out, a. slanting lissure in the rock which traverses the (liaiiiber liaving discouraged the (juarriers.
' TomI) 10. Published in Mon. ilii Ciiltr d'Aloiioii, I. pp. 87-92. Pis. .\xxviii., xxxix., xl.
B. TnK ScKxr.s Axn Inscriptions.
The ])ancl which represents the royal family at worship is executed in the licst .style of the period and is still excellently preserved (I Mates xxxi., xliv.). The scene was painted, and the blue of the sky, the hieroglyphs and the helmets is still of startling bri^jhtncss. The zeal with which the artists of .\klietaten .sought anatom- ical correctness, generally with the most unhappy results, is seen in the modelling of the collar- l)one and the neck-muscles. The figures are but little exaggerated. The King's profile, which is perfectly preserved, shows a considerable varia- tion from that in the tomb of Maliu (PI. xv.), the lips being more sharply cut and the angle of the nose different. This of Apy strikes one as more c(mvention.d, but the impossible angle given to the skull, and especially to the occiput, in the heads of the pcrit^xl throvs out the whole face.
The oulv other feature of interest in the con- ventional scene is the offering made I)y the King and Queen, votive j)ieces, namely, of happy device, wherein in tlie one ca.se the (^ueen, in the other two of her daughtei's, support the car- touches (if the Aten. The i\ing oU'ei's for his family, the (^ueen for herself;- and it seems to l)e a visible plcilge that tlie members of the lioyal family arc one in loyalty to Aten and deserve the royal epithet " M|iliiil(ling the inimc of Aten."
So also in Petrik, T.A., pi. xii., and STKtNDoiiKK, Bliilezcit. p. 155. In the former the Queen wear.s four feiilhers, as tlie princesses here wear three, perhaps in impersonation of Maat.
20
THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.
As elsewhere,' the name of the Queen is caressed with pretty phrases ; she is " the liered- itary princess, pjroat in favour, lady of grace, dowered with gladness ; the Aten rises to shed favour on her and sets to multiply her love ; the great and beloved wife of the King, Mistress of South and North, T^ady of tlic Two Lands, ; Nefertiti, who lives always and for ever."
She is followed by her three daughters with ' sistra.
The space below this was filled with a figure (r) of Apy and his prayer, but only in ink.' T!ie iigurc has completely disappeared and the text nearly so. The latter was only another and abbreviated copy of the hymn on the opposite \v'all. It added, however, at tlic end the perso- nal )iute, which is wanting in tJie other, " for till' l:ii of the Rnyal Sci-ilie and Steward, A]iy, who lives again."
The text on thr I'iiiht hand side of the en-
1 J I., p. 14; HI., pp. 7,15.
- Reproduced in Mov. ilii CiiJlc iVAtoiioii, I., pp. 00, 91, but the iiguve appears to be fictitious. It is plain that the I'eadin^of the text was already very unceitain.
trance will be found on Plates xxxii., xxxiii., in collation with others, and a translation on p. 28. The text, like those in a corresponding situation in the tombs of Malm, Rames, Tutu and iVy, does not occupy the whole of the wall- space. A kneeling figure would have been ailded liehny, and the space to the right, here and elsewhere, is left blank, in order that the text might be read wlien the door was thrown back against this wall. Perhaps the space was sometimes coloured in horizontal bands to re- present tills plank-door, as in the tomb of Ahnies (III. xxviii.).
"^riie ceiling of the entrance-way was marked oft' into twi> panels for colouring by three columns of liieroglyphs. (,*f the latter onl\' that on the left (l*]ast) side is cut (Plate xxxii. : ti'aiislation on p. 31 ). Traces of ink show that the right column also began ^vith the same fornuda. .\py is given no other titles than those of 1 loyal Scribe and Steward. "We are not in- formed what household it was which he con- trolled, sn that he mav have lieen past active service.
21
CHAPTER V.
TOMB OF RAMES
(?
A. Arcihtkotuuai- Fkatukks.
I'lalc xxxiv.
Tins tuuib is a small onv, and of the simplest cross-corridor type. There ^vas indeed little cncourajietiient to anvthiiifr ambitious, for a broad vein of gravel intersects the chamber. The hope of enlarging or fully dccoivatiug the chamber \vas abandoned, and the walls were not even smoothed.
A door, however, was fashioned in the back wall, and its entrance formed into a niche, where seated statues of the deceased and of his wife (?) were hewn. These figures were finished oil' in plaster, !\s the cnarsc nature of the rock demiinded, and hence they have suffered considcrabK'. They were evidently thoroughly g^ ^ P pleasing and carefully worked,
^^ -,^ the Avigs receiving elaborate treatment, iln' woman sits on the right side of the man and embraces him with her arm. Her name, which does not occur elsewhere, has l)een written on her lap. Apparently it is Ncbt- ant, a known name of the period. The inscriptions on the door-framing arc in faded ink, and arc practically illegible. On the lintel there was a single set of the five cartouches, with a figure (?) and a short prayer at each end. The jambs appear to have cou-
' The name is spult ^ [m ' v °" ''''° outer lintel.
The loinh (No. 11) is pubUshud in J/c»i. <lu Cidlc d'Aloiion, I., x,\.\vii. and pjj. 83-85.
INSCRIPTION ON
HTATHK.
W- 7
tained te.Kts of the usual form, and a repe- tition of the titles given to l\ames elsewhere.
The inscriptions on the framing of the outer
door are in much the same state. The lintel
showed figures of Rames adoring cartouches.
The columns on the jambs began with a (///-
i kflp.p-sdt'H formula; proceeded with requests
' for such favours as "the loaves which are set
i out in the I'resence, bread, beer, birds," &c. ;
] and ended, '' for the kn of the Royal Scribe,
I Commandant of the soldiery of the Lord of the
Two Lands, Raines, inanl-Iicni." '< There is a pit in the East corner of the chamber; bnt 1 did not re-excavate it. The chamber now contains part of a stone door- I jamb (?) of Rames, which is said to have been found near the tomb by M. Barsanti ; - bnt which, as a matter of fact, was found in the town-ruins bv TroiV'^or I'etrie and conveyed there. The identity of name is, however, small proof of identity of person in the case of so common a name. While there is no place in a tomb for such a stone, its inscription Would well suit the door-jamb of u house ; for it reads, " provisions {zrj'a.ii) within the house of entertaimncnt every day, (iiis) belly having
joy may his name (?) not be lost (nni
neluj [7-](.'«./"), the scribe Rames, born of the house-mistress, liny."'' It thus appears that the inscriptions on the doors of the tomb may be such as were also written on the doorposts of the living, mnliitis iiiitlninlis. It need hardly
= Moil, du Cullc d'Aloiion, I., p. 80. Tlic copy there has two or lliroc iiuiccuracies.
^ ■• For the ka of" is oniillud, bu it nolcil.
TIIK HOCK T(JJMBS OF EL AMARNA,
lie said that ilwvc is still less ^imhuiI lu ideiilily this Raines \vitli that uauiesake \\ hose j^reat tunili at i\l)(l-el-Giinieh shuws the traiisi'ur- inatinn of iVmeuhetep IV. into Akheiiaten. lie would liardK lia\'e uarroweil his auihitioiis to so poor a liurial-jilace as this, and his oiiices as well as tile name ol his wife (" sister ") are ditlcreiit. The title, " Steward of the House of Neb-maat-ra " given to J{aines on I'late XXXV. seems indeed to show that llames had held that important olHce under the late king, but it might possibly refer to some present jippoiutmeiit.
i>. ScEIvES AND iNSCinPTinNS. Entrance. Phitcs xi., xx.w., xl. The scene on the left hand in the cntranee
presents a very diflerent aspect frnm that in the tomb of A})y.' it is much more simple in design, and the jilaster in which it is moulded is rapidly crumlding away. The King oilers incense, the (Jueeii a cruse of ointment (?). As in the tomb of ^lahu, Merytateu alone of the daughters is present. The cartouches of A ten are illegible, and their form tlierelbre is not known ; one would expect them to be the same as in the neiglibouring tomb of Apy.
The tigure and face of Uanies on the opposite wall are well jireservcd and pleasing. A translation ol' the prayer is given on p. 30.
' Tills picture has Ijeen tlravvn fur me by Mi'. Ilarukl .tones.
23
CHArTP:K VI.
TOMB OF NEFER-KHEPERU-HER-SEKHEPER (^^j'^P^)-'
(I'lates xxxvi., xxxvii., xliii.)
TnKtoiiib uf this official, wlio in his /,c;il uul-diil Kinns in taking un epigrtun for a iiiunt'," was openeil by ^I. Buuriant in IHS;^,' and cleared completely by M. Daressy in iS'j;'),' but not for the lirst time ; for they found written on the ceiling in smoke, " R. Hay opened this tomb 1830," and " C. Laver I.s;50 measured this tomb."^
Tomb 13 is interesting; only for its architect- ural features. Not that these differ from those employed elsewhere in this necropolis ; for tiiere are several tombs where the same I'ornis iuive been used on a larger scale, and carried nearer to completion. Yet owing to its admirable proportions, to its spotless whiteness and good preservation, this toml), even in its half-finished state, is one of the most jdeasing examples of rock-architecture in b]gypt. It is the only instance here where the cross-chamber, sup- ported on a single row of colunnis, has ])een carried so far towards completion as to convey any idea of tbe ultimate effect ; and no one can see it without being struck by the fatal loss of beauty in larger tombs, such as Nos. IG or lT), where the columns are crowdctl together,
' Tlu'cc times out of four the nmiio is wi'ittcn witiiout tfic strokes of the plunil. Tiic touib (No. 13) lias a chapter devoted to it in Mon. da Cidtc d'Atuiioii, I., p. 7'J. Tlio sketch-plan and the description, however, will he found on p. G5, assigned to a 12-cofumncd tomb.
- " ' Hcautiful of forms ' (a name for the King) fosters."
^ Deux joiirs ile fouillcs, p. 9.
' llccucil, XV., p. 3y, whero the inscription on the janib is given.
^ Layer's plans are given in ll.w, MSS. 29,817, fol. IJ.
mutually blotthig one anotlier out. and forming mazes rather than buildings.
The chandjcr is divided down the centre l)y a row of six colunnis. The two central ones arc set wider apart to afford an aisle in the axis of entrance, and, in conformity with this, their abaci carry architraves parallel with the axis as well as the ends of the longitudinal architraves. The latter rest, or are feigned to rest, at both ends on pilasters, wliich, according lo custom, are furnislied with a roll-moulding at the corners, and are surmounted by a cavetto-cornice and abacus. The columns (I'l. xxxvii.) are of the S-stemmed type already described in Tart ii., p. oo ; but, like all those in this necropolis, they have nuuli more graceful proportions than their successors in the Northern group. As they stand, they are without bases and spring from the rough floor. They are pure white, foi- the coknnns of this group do not seem to have been meant to receive colour.
.V portal is set in the back wall, wliich might have led to a second chamber or shrine, had the enterprise been, carried to a finish. The chamber i-ctains traces of its embryo form, the naiiow cross-corridor lumb, in tlie porUils in which the front half of the chainl)cr terminates to right and to left. Tliese are doul)le in form, showing a doorway witiiin a doorway, a iiand- some decorative feature which we shall meet with freiiuently in these tombs. Tiie chamber is not well laid out, being askew witii the a.\is, and the transverse architraves arc still more seriously out of the square. The heightonmg of the room towards the back, however, may
24
THE ROCK TOMRS OF KL AMARNA.
be an arcliitcctural means ol' increasing its appai-ent size.
As is plain from the pl«itcs, tlic chamber is only half finished, and this in a curious manner, the upper part lieing in a iinal state down to the last detail, save inscription and colour, Avhilc the lower part is untouched ; so that the slim columns seem to be emerging slowly and without injury from a suljsiding bank of rock. This feature, though very marked in this tomb, is nuticcahle in nearly every other, and lias already been commented upon (p. in).
JiuuiAi.-ri.ACE. — It is evident that there was no longer any hope of completing the tomb when the burial was made. As soon as the central aisle was finished to the foot of the columns and the whole area was cleared well down below the capitals, the quarricrs con- fined their labours to the North-East corner, Avhcre the stairway to the sepulchre was usually placed. Disengaging the columns first, they tlicu sunk a well at the spot without staying to remove the intervening rock, and, forming a. stairway in it, Inu'rov/cd into the Eastern wall without paying a.ny heed to the orifTinal jiian ol' the toml). The stairway was carried little further ihan was aljsolutely
necessary, and I'rom the level landing at the foot a rough and sligiitly descending galleiy was driven at right angles to it, of size sudicient to receive a coffin. The two galleries to right and left immediately on entering the stairway may, or may not, l)e contemporary in date.
ExTKitioit. — The entrance to the toml) was neatly finished, but no traces of any designs are now apparent. The jambs and lintel outside were similarly prepared, and here a hasty attempt Avas made to commemorate the de- ceased, and to secure for him some measure of preternatural grace. Inscriptions were, no doubt, duly sketched out on Itoth jambs. All that is now visible is, on the right, the lower half of a column cut in the plaster, and, on the lelt, the lower third of all four columns similarly cut, and fragments of the upper part decipher- able tlirough the mordant po\ver of tiic ink <>n the surface (I'late xxxvii. : translation on p. 31). The abandonment of the work was so unforeseen that the royal jin-iiomeii on the right jamb has not received its cartouche. \Vv here learn that the owner Avas " Governor of Akhetaten," and by holding this responsible post took rank as " head of the notables."
26
CHAPTEK Vil.
THE TOMB OF SUTI
a^nii)'
(I'liites xxxviii,, xxxix.) I
This (-umh (Nu. 1")) is ol' thu ci'oss-corridur type, but with tlio udditiou behind of ;i hirgc columuiir hall, or at least the rough comineucc- ' ment of one. The exterior door-framing, the i entrance, and the corridor are executed with ' care and well-finished ; but no j)art has i-eeeived [ decoration, except the faeatk:. Here the prayers on tiie jamb are still extant, though much weather-worn (I'l. xxxix. : translation on p. 31).
A beginning has been made of excavating tlie interior of the portals at each end of the corridor, no doubt with tlie intention of forming shrines containing statues, as in the larger tombs. These portals are of the double '
form met with in the last tomb. The chamber
^ . I
' Publisl-.cd in il/o/i. da Cultc d'Alunou, I., pp. G7-G!). ' Dahessy, licciicil, xv., p. '12. I
liehind was to have been sijuarc in shape, and divided into three aisles by two rows of four columns each. On the left, only the capitals of tin-ee columns have been separated from the mass. On the right, a little more h:us been achieved, less in tlu; hope of completing the tomb than in order to secure a makeshift resting-place for the dead. A well (which 1 did not empty) and a little gallery to the South were hewn out lor this purpose.
Suti was standard-bearer of " the guild of Nefer-kheperu-ra." We have already met with guilds such as these, which were wont to take some royal epithet as a designation, Huya, the steward of Tyi, having become at a later date the marshal, or jiorhaps c\en the standard- bearer of one such."
I'art 111., ri. \ii. uiul p. y.
2(1
CHAi'^'EK VIII.
THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS
A. TlIKlli CllAKACTEK.
The Iiyiniis iu thv Atcii with -which uvery grave at I*>1 Aiiiarua is provided slmw iiiaiiit'est signs of addition and subtraction, and are put together -witli so little literary skill tiiat they often scarcely make sense, the pronouns changing from one person to another in a single sentence. They exliibit no instinct for true composition, nor even for the faithi'ul reproduction of well- known liturgies. A multitude of short phrases culled i'rom the Royal llymn or echoing its thoughts, or else lingering in the memory from some "teaching of the King," seems to have formed the stock-in-trade of the pr(_)fessiunal scribe. His longer texts ^\'ere made up of a number of these liturgical expressions, strung together with little regard for literary i'orm. If tediously alike in sentiment and plirascology, most of the hymns are, in a sense, original com- positions, and allbrd us some insight into the mind of the ordinary I*]gyptian and his compre- hension of the new faith. It is somewhat surprising that there should l>e even so niucli originality, if, as it appears, uKJst of the toml)s were made to the order of the Iving ; but the orthodoxy of the pious ])hrases and the long adulations of Akhenaten might counterbalance this latitude in his eyes. Yet this propensity to compilation was not everywhere apparent. Huya, who [lerhaps Avas a Theban and less instructed in tiie new piety, simply went to the tonilis of Ahmes and I'enthu, and l)orrowed word for word llie four longest prayers wliich lie
' I must again acknowlLTlj^c substantial help from the Editor in luatteis of tiansiiition.
needed. Karlier, tliis poverty of feeling was still more marked. The worthy .Mahu, who could only repeat for the fifth and sixth time the little oflicial prayer which had been written doAvn ibr him, may iiave been specially dull. But Apy's more capalile scribe can do nothing better ^vith his second wall -space thnn repeat the same composition ; while the Royal Hyuni. though incomparably superior, was plagiarized and mutilated, but never recopied. Perhaps this Royal Hymn and that feeble echo of it, whicli, in distinction, I liave called the Shorter Hymn to the Aten, wore the only two com- positions that were committed to writing, and of these the shorter and less poetic compilation seems speedily to have gained po})ular favoiu'.
It might have been thought that here, \\'here ^vc have a Ireshly-composed and local hymn, containing the creed of a new and victorious propaganda, with the Iving himself as auth(jr and preacher, we should have a stereo- t}'ped text free from all the corruption and variance that years and repeated transmission liring. Nothing is farther from the truth. The great hymn is only known in one copy, and that not exempt from suspicion. As to this Shorter Hymn, no one reading it in its com- plete version can feel that it rci)resents an original composition ; lor it contains no pro- gression of thought and no unity. It separates, indeed, on consideration, into two distinct hymns. The first ends, perhaps, with the sentence, " thy son is pure, doing what is well-jileasing to thee, 0 living Aten, whenevei' he appears " ; and the secojid begins with the words, "The son of the Sun." What lies lietween the two seems an
TilK KELIUIOUS TEXTS.
intcrpulatioii, pfrliaps itself tiikcu bodily from some third source. The addition inuy hiivc been due to a misuuderstaadiu;.;- of tlie plu'ase, " when- ever he uppcjirs," whieli was thuu^dit to refer to the rising of the Aten, and tu need expansion.
Tiie first hymn, ^vhich roughly corresponds to the te.Kt in Meryra,' lias unity and development, hiulogizing first the appearance of the visible god, it goes on to notice his creative and life- giving power, and then his ability to bestow happiness. With the day comes joy, and this finds its fit expression in the temple worship. This leads to mention of the King as chief celebrant in the Aten wcjrsliip, and so to a con- cluding Word in his praise. The interpolated passage repeats the picture ol' all creation, the King, and the god rejoicing in unison ; its grammatical disconnection and the variant texts, however, suggest an alien origin. The second hymn is a laudation of the ,\ten bv the King. The words " he says " have been dro])ped out, or are represented by a sentence " by the King, &c.," which is often added near the outset in the complete text. This second part also has a certain unity. Beginning with an expression of the King's loyalty to the Aten, it goes on to show how the Aten passes from his lonely eternity to be a creator and a sustainer of a grateful creation fnun the plants upward. Perhaps we have not the end of it, for finish is lacking. It borrows its thought wholly, and often its very words, from the Royal Hymn.
Which of the texts collated on Pis. xxxii., .xxxiii., then, is to bt; relied ui)nn ? Study soon shows us that we are far from the original, though we have aj)parently all the tomb-copies, through which corruption and alteration might have crept in. The texts plainly fall into two groups : Any and Meryru on the one side ; on the other Apy and Tutu, with I\Iahn (too corrupt to be considered in detail). The differences be- tween the two groups are largely in \ocabulary ;
1. xxxvii. : tninslation ib., p. 5U.
if anything, the former is further from the original. Capricious alterations seem the chief ground of variance, and in Tutu these have gone to a great length and not with advantage or insight.
Meryra seems plainly to have curtailed from Any ; or perhaps from his source, since he omits an error of Auy's, though elsewhere verbally alike. His long omission, too, though apparently due to lack of space, is precisely that passage Avhich seems intei'polated. He seems, therefore, to be aware of the original elements of the hymn, lie even adds to it, " J\'[eryra saitli it," as if lie were iiimself the composer. And, as the hymn smacks a little of the priest, this may possibly have lieen the case ; but only if we suppose that his scribe wiu; using the extended version, and that to fill up space, oi- to secure tiie phrase "without ceasing" as a fitting conclusion, lie borrowed some incongruous passages from the supplement. It had also the advantage of adding a short laudation of the King to the very curt ix'ference of the original.-
Apart altogether from the intrinsic merit of tlie In'iini, (lie appearance ol' \ariants of this character and iuimi)er when the peculiar cir- cumstances ought to ha\e eliminated all the causes of variation, presents a jn'oblem, the slud\ of wliich ma\' have much value lor textual criticism. I hope others will reach a clearer j)erccption ol the process by which the original hynni has taken the forms before us. At present it is plain that both oral and written transmission played a pari iierc. nut it is not clear what their mutual relations weie.
15. l,oMii;i; l'l;.\vl•;l!^;. I. TiiK Smoktku llvMN Id TUi; .\ti:x.
Tomb of Apy. ]Jol.li enlrancu-walls (Plule xliii.). Tomb of .\iiy. Left ontraiice-Wiill.
• This prolmbly was the reason for the othcnvisc iiivmiublc addition of the suooiid part.
28
'rriK nocK tomrr of rt, amakna.
Toml) of Malm. Vouf texts (Plates xvi., xxiii., xxix., xl.).'
Tonili of Tutu. Loft entrance-wall.
Toml) of Mcryra. Eiylit inner entrance-wall (I., xxxvii.).
A collation of all the texts on Plates xxxii., xxxiii.'-
Previous copies or publications are : —
Moit. dii Cidtc d'Atonon, I., plate xxxviii. ; pp. MS-Ol (Apy) : plate xxviii. ; p. 5'2 (Any) ; plates xlii., xlviii. ; pp. OG, 'J7, 98, 102 (Mahu): plate liv. ; p. 112 (Tutu). Dauessy, llcrncil, xv. p. 43 (Any). Piuhl, TnscrijMons, i. pis. cxci., cxcii. (-Apy). Lkpsius, ])., iii. 106/). (Tutu). H.\Y, .V.S'.S'. 29,814, fol. 30 (Meryni) : 29,847, fol. 15 (Tutu). L'lloTE, r<ij,iers, xi. 27 (Meryra).
" An ailoration of I the livint; Hawk of the two horizons,
who exults on the horizon
le
del' tiis name of ' The
Lifrht whieh is in the Sun-disc
'J, who K
ive-; life for ever
and ever, liy titc Kiiuj who lives in Tnilh, Lord cf tlic Two Lands, Ncfei-hhcpriii-iii-Va-cn-ra, the Son "/' tlic Sun, irho lircs in Trnlh, Lord o/ Diadrms, Akhcnidcn, (jrctil in his dariUiiin, udio ijircs life fur crcr and ever:'
"Thy rising is beautiful, ^0 living Aten, Lord of Eternity ! ' Thou art radiant, fair and ' strong : '•' thy love is great and large : thy rays " strike (?) ujion all mankind.'' ' Thv surface "leams, giviu'' life to hearts,'
' The text given in the collation is that on the left entrance-wall (Plate xxix.). For the others see Part I., pp. 50,51.
- I rely on my own copies entirely, except in the fol- lowing cases: — (1) The text on the left entrance-wall of Apy (Apy a), very unreliable in the days of Bouriant, is now nearly invisible. (2) The text in the tomb of Any, also in ink, has deteriorated, and Bouriant's copy some- times adds a sign or two to the top and bottom of the columns. (3) .\ great part of the text of Tutu is now destroyed, and I use in these places the texts of Hay, Lepsius, and Bouriant, the last-named having preference.
■• This sentence in italics has probably been added, in order to justify the use of the first person singular in the second part, or when the text was accompanied by a picture of the King at worship (Apy A, Tutu, Mahu a, I), d). To judge from the prayers, an (" by ") only im- plies recital, but zcdcf ("he saith ") implies or feigns composition. Apy A {Mon.. da Ciillc d'Atonon, p. 90) may have used the latter form, but 1 cannot verify this.
' Tutu reads, " O divine and sovereign father, the Aten, whose life is ever fresh ! "
■"' Any and Meryra have, " gleaming " (or " white "). '■ Any and Meryra have, " Shall (V) make eyes for all that thou hast created."
' Tutu has perhaps " thy surface (lit. " colour " ; spelt as in L. Z*.,iii. 107((, col. 2) gleams (or " is white ") with lovo."
and thou lillest the Two Lands with thy love. ''O reverend god," who himself formed himself, who made every land, and created what is on it; both mankind and all herds and flocks, and the trees wdiich grow on the ground. They live when ' thou dawncst on them.-' Thou art mother and '" father '" for " those whose eyes thou hast made. When thou dawncst they sec by means of thee." '-Thy rays illumine the entire land. Every heart exults '' at seeing thee (when) thou risest as their lord.
" (But when) thou settest on the western horizon of heaven, they lie down after the manner of those who die. Their heads are wrapped up, their nostrils are stopped ; until thou dawnest in the morning on the Eastern horizon of heaven.
" (Then) their arms are (outstretched) in praise to thy k((. Thou givest life to hearts by thy beauty, and there is life.
" (When) thou sendest thy rays ever}' land is in festival;'^ the singers, musicians, and criers (?) are joyful in the Court of the House of the Bcidicii (and in) "every temple in Akhetaten," that '* perfect place '° with which thou art well pleased, and in which food and fat things are offered.
" Thy son is pure, doing what is well pleasing '^' to thee, 0 living Aten,"^ in his festal appearances.''
" " All that thou hast made leaps before thee ; thy revered son exults," his heart is in joy. " O living Aten, rejoicing in heaven every day ! ''■'
'^ l\[cryra has, " 0 good ruler." " Tutu has, " when thy rays shine
'" Tutu seems to omit " father."
" Meryra has, " all that thou hast made. As for their eyes, when thou dawncst they see by means of thee." The texts of Mahu break off here without regard to the sense.
'• Any has, " when thy rays give light the entire land has joy, ind every heart exults." (Ab neb has been omitted by me after reshut in the Plate). This seems an error. Tutu omits the whole passage.
"' Tutu adds, " (thou) feedest and iUuminest it." A bad reading.
'* Tutu has, " thy (?) temple," and Meryra, " every shade of Ra on the horizon " {sic, perhaps for) " in Akhetaten."
'* Any and Meryra have " every shrine."
'" Tutu has "to the living Aten."
'' I regard what follows (from arij-ch to mesy-cf at least) as an interpolation in the original, owing to khay- ef Ijeiog taken to refer to the dawning of Aten (hence Tutu's more grammatical ari/-cj'). Khay-cf would then belong to the original, though not occurring in Meryra, perhaps for lack of space.
" Tutu has " all that he has made leaps before him. Thy son exults."
'■' Tutu has " Tlie Aten is born in heaven every day."
THE HKTJGlnUS TEXTS.
29
" He hath given birth to ' his revered son Ua-cn-ra,' like unto him without ceasing.- The Son of the Sun, upholding liis l)cauty, Nofer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra [says] ' I am thy son, serviceable to thee, upholding thy name. Thy might and power are firmly " fixed ' in my heart. Thou art the living Atcn, and eternity is thy portion. •* Thou hast made the far-olT heaven that thou migiitest dawn tlicrein, that thou niightest sec all tliat thou hast made. Thou art alone,' but infinite vitalities are in thee to give them life. ■'■ Tt is a breath of life to (their) nostrils to see thy rays.^
" ' All flowers blow (?) ; that which grows on the soil (?) thrives at thy dawning; they drink draughts before thy face." All cattle leap" upon tlieir feet. The birds that were in the nest fly with joy ; their wings that were closed move quickly with praise to the living .Men, flying (?) to do ' ""
2. Penthu. North thickness (Plate iii.).
A previous co]5y is f/f fnTH, rapieis, iii. 29-1.''
' Tutu has " his son wiio halh come forth from Ids body." I consider that a second liyiim in which the King speaks is here appended to the lirst. It the word " says," supplied after the King's name, occurred in the original text, it probably implied authorship, as what follows is largely derived from the Royal Hymn.
-' Meryra adds " for ever," and ends. Apy a ends with " his beauty."
■' Any has " rooted."
■' Word for word from the Royal ITymn.
'■• Tutu has " Breath enters (their) nostrils when thou givest thyself to them."
" The text of Any may well have continued above the figure of Any, but all is now completely elTaced.
' The text of Apy ends here, for lack of room apparently.
» Cf. the Royal Hymn, "The bhds flutter in their nests; their wings are (outstretched) in praise to thy ka. The cattle are leaping on their feet." The space above the figure of Tutu admits of very few more signs, if any ; perhaps en lea en. The text of Tutu in the last column of the plate should be emended (from Hay) as follows: —
f^-
rrii II
(I. IS); (1. 20).
11
'~^ (1. I'J) ;
Ml
" From this the text has been restored in the Plate. Asterisks indicate a slight change in the hieroglyph, the
true reading being obvious. In the first colunni T
should be starred, as L'llote roads (I -]h^^- The initial
sign is probably ~^, not (|. A i)arallel text (bracketed
liere) occurs in the toiid) of Iluya (III. ii.). Cf. iilso II. vii. for the opening phrases.
"An adoration of Horakhti-Aten '" [who gives life for ever] and ever. Homage to thee, [dawning] in the sky and shining early on the hori/.on of heaven, coming in peace, the Lord of Peace ! Tlie entire land assembles at thy rising ; [their] hands (are outstretched) in praise at thy dawning. They prostrate themselves on the ground when thou shinest on them. They shout to the height of heaven ; they receive joy and gladness ; [they] exult (when) they see Thy Majesty. Thou sendest thy rays on all men. They go forth when thou attaincst heaven, when thou takest the goodly road. Thou settest me eternally in a place of favour, in my [numsion] of bliss. My spirit goes forth to sec thy rays, to feed on its ort'er- ings. I am called by my name, and one cometb at iho summons. I enjoy the things which are offered. I consume slicus and bat and jicacn bread and des beer, hot roast meat and cold water, wine and milk, that are olTered in the sanctuary of the .\ten in Akhetaten.
" The royal scribe, the Intimate of the King, the Chief Servitor of Aten in the sanctuary of Aton in Akhetaten, the Chief Physician Penthu, mnahheru, says (this)."
3. Penthu. South thickness (Plate iv.). .\ previous copy is L'tloTR, Papicrs, iii. 293." " An ascription of praise to '• Horakhti-Aten who gives life for ever and ever, coming [each day eternally].'' Praise to thee, O Ra, Lord of the horizon ! When thou traversest heaven all mankind (depends?) on thee " with- out ceasing in night .as in daytime. Thou dawnest on the Eastern horizon and settest '' on the Western horizon. Thou settest in life and gladness, every 03'e " rejoices; (but) they are in darkness after thou settest. Wheu thou arrivest from (?) the sky,'' eye sees not its fellow ; "
'" I use this and " Ra-Alcn " as abln-cviations of tlie
two forms of the names of Aten.
" The text of the Plate is restored from this. .\ duplicate text, badly preserved, exists in the tomb of Huya (III. xxxvii.),and from this the additions in sijunre brackets arc taken. A good copy of this text (with a few errors) will be found in Mon. dii Ciillc il'Alounu, I., p. GO, ascribed to Tomb 21 of the South group!
'- Huya has, "Thy setting is beautiful." O.
Huya has
I
(7)
D c
from Huya, and I. xli. Something
seems to have been lost, and the latter text supiMJrls this view by giving " all men welcome "
'••^J¥^ ^^ in Huya.
"^ Clearly in L'llotc and Iluya.
" 5 V^VT -="■'"'* ■"« "•»""
have expected " in Uuat,"' but nieniionof the Undoi w.Mld seems purposely avoided. '" Reading W^ . So Huya.
30
THF, KOOK TO^fBS OF ET. AMARA'A.
B ^fe^:^
I I I
appears to he the rcadinj;-.
Ill
in ITuva.
all manner of reptiles are on the face of the earth. I (iMen) lie down' and are blind (?) until thou shinest.'- They awake to sec thy heauties. (When thou i-isest?) they sec and discern hy means of them (■.'). ' Tliou sendest thy rays upon them.'
"Thou causest me to rest in ni)- etei'nal seat. [ reach j the eternal pit.' I leave and enter my mansion. My soul is not shut off from that which it desires ; I walk as I will in the i,'rove that f have made on earth, f : drink water at the ed'..;e of my t:ink every day, without ceasin.r;." "
4. Rames. Risht thickness (riate xxxv.).' " Thou comest who livest in Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, the living Sun for all mankind, i hy wliose beauty there is health. The sip;ht of thee j
There is no poverty for him who liath set
thee in his heart.** He hath not s.aid, ' Oh! tliat I had ! ' He continues on the blessed road until he I'eaches the guerdon of the loyal. I give praises to thee, millions of
times I am a prince, of those whom
llie Ruler has made. lie gives to me fair bui'ial and interment in the n(>cropolis of the favoured, with dailv rations as one whom Ua-en-ra, fjight of every man, has made. O living Aten, grant to him hundreds
of thousands of .^('(/•festivals daily upon
earth (?), beauteous in possession of eternity, as is thy
natui-e his fear (?) is in their hearts, as |
the dutiful son of him that bare him (?) '■
according to thy command of that which
thy hi (?) gives. Thou givest (?) to the pooi- ^
to me interment; he gives (?) to mo witliin
Akhetaten (?). t
'■ ]''or the l:a of the royal Scribe, Superintendent of the ' soldiery of the l;ord of the Two Lands, Steward of the ; house' of Neb-niaat-ra (.\menhotep III.), Rames." '■'
' Reading "^ '& ""7 P J^ T^ (Iluya).
- A jiassagi.' borrowed from recollections of the Royal Hymn, " jNfen lie down in their chandlers (slifsrpii)
.... ey(> beholds not its fellow the reptiles
bite." The ex))ression, "They ai'e blind" (xlii'si'})) is, perliaps, due to a misunderstaniling of that line.
■' i.e. the burial sliaft.
" Iluya adds anotliei' sentence, in which " seeing thy rays" occurs. The titles of Pentbu which follow i-epeat those given above, with the addition of Aiiri hlinit. " Piivy ('omicilloi ." They are recorded hv IjDI'sus, ])., iii. '.)! V. :i"il "■ '/''■''. 'i-. P' l'i2.
" Mtm. ilii Ciilh' irAloiioii, pi, xxNvii.
^ C'f. 1. xxxv.
'•' P>omiant reads | which is iirobable. The
n it n I '
wall has piobahly detei'iorated since his day.
C. SiioiiTEH Pr.wf.t?.';.
1. Renthu. Lintel: Left I'hid (Plate ii.) '"
" An ascription of praise to the living Aten, and an act of homage to the good god by the Royal Chancellor, *the Sole Companion, the follower of the feet of the Lord of the Two Lands, the favourite of the good god, whom Ins lord loves every day,* the Royal Scribe, the Intimate of the King, Chief Servitor of the Aten in the sanctuary of the Aten in Akhetaten, the Chief Physician and Pi'ivy Councillor, Pentbu, maaklicni."
2. Penthu. Lintel. Right End (Plate ii.).
The same, replacing the starred passage by, "he who has approach to the person of the god, the Chief of
Chiefs, knowing of the Two Lands, First of
the Companions."
D. BuitiAL I'ktitkix.s.
1. Penthu. .Tandis (Plate ii.).
" \ ihj hrloji sclcu of IIorakhti-Aten. ■May he give
((/) (Right jainb) •• jini-Idimi offerings and lil)ations of wine and milk.
(/)) " 2'1'it-l'hi'ni ....
((■) " . . . . my .... in the necropolis . . . ."
(<n Lost.
(e) (Left Jamb). " [A reception] of loaves . . . ."
(/, ;/) Lost.
(/() " . . . . without ceasing. My name abides on earth."
" For the l.-n of the Royal Scribe (or ' Litimate of the King,' or ' Chief Physician '), Penthu, iiiiial.hcni ."
2. Mahu. Outer jaiubs (Plate xxviii.)."
The hrst coluiuns (n, <l) salute Ra-.\ton, the King, and the Queen.
" [A salutation of] the living Aten
(h) "and an obeisance to I'a-en-ra, the god who establishes men, and gives lif(! to the Two Lands. Do thou give me fair burial after old age."
{r) " Lord of Eternity. May he give- (sir). Thou gleamest and art brilliant, potent in love and great."
" [Praise to thee] O living Aten !
(«) " Thou risest to give life to that which thou hast created: they live at the sight of thy rays. Thou givest thy duration in years to the King of South and North, who lives in Truth, Lord of the Two Hands, Nefer- kheperu-ra, wdio gives life for ever.
if) " a god noble and beloved,'- who created and bare himself. [Thou] hast given South and North tj thy Son, who went forth from thy body ; the Son of the Sun
'" For this and the following prayer of. Ill xxvii. " .Moil. iIh Ciilte. (VAtoiiou, I., jjp. 94, 9.0. '-' See No. 7 (Plate xxxii.).
THE RKLTOTOdS TKXTS.
31
who lives on Truth, Lord of Diadems, Akhenaten, great in his duration. For the ka of tho Coniniandiint of the policG of Aklictaten, JIahu." '
3. Mahu. Inner .luniljs (Plati> xxvii.).'
The first coUnnns (a, n) contain sahitations of Ra- Atcn (" Long hfe to tlie divine and sovereign Fallicr "), the King, and the Queen.
" Praise to thy 1,-a ! "
{/') (Right side). " Thy rising is licauliful, 0 hving Alen, Lord of Etei'nity. Do thmi give to me fair hm-ial after old age."
(c) Repeats 2 c.
{<!) " O [Ua-en-ra, tho King (?)] who lives on Truth, Tjord of the Two Lands, Nefer-khepcru-ra, who gives life. May he give favours [every] day (?).
(/) " 0 living Aten, Lord of Rays, thou whoillumincst the Two Lands with thy rays, for all the land (.sic). When thou settest on the Western horizon, they lie down.
{y) " Nefer-kheperu-i-a, the god who hears
the of the King. He does what is well- pleasing to his father, tho Aten.
(/() " Lord of Rays ! (?) When thou risest on the Eastern horizon of heaven their hands are (outstretched) in praise to thy ka. Hearts live at (sic)."
" For the ka of the Commandant of the police of Akhetaten, Mahu, maakhcrn."
4. Apy. Right Jam!) (PI. xxxix).»
(n) Salutation of the three Powers (tho .Men, tlie King, and the Queen).
(It) " Bestow (thy) duration as Alen in
heaven on the King of South and North (etc.). May he grant a good name in Akhetat(!n."
(c) " They (thy rays ?) emhrace thy son, the Son of the Sun (etc.). May he grant a reception of loaves in the temple of Aten."
((/) " . . . . Grant to bcr eternity as her life, to the great wife of the King (etc.). May [she] grant a sight of Aten in the necropolis (?) of Akhetaten."
" For the ka (of) the Steward Apy."
5. Nefer - kheperu - her - sekh(!per. Left jamh (PI. xxxvii.).''
' The sign of tho deceascal man is followed hy the papyrus-flower and huds, which at a later peiiod was in frequent use after najnes of deceased women in place of "maalkhcrn." It rarely occurs after men's names. Its use here is probably one more solecism of this ignorant scribe.
- Mon. (Ill Ciiltc d'Atonoii, I., li.
^ All these petitions of Mahu consist of snatches, often incomplete and bungled, from the liynin which already occurs fo\n- times in the tomb. The hieroglyphs, strictly followeil, would often make nonsense.
* Mon. till i'lillr ./' \l. iioii, pi. xxxviii.
'- lb., p. 7H.
(a) Salutation of tlie three Powers.
(ft) "... . beloved of the Lord of the Two Lands for his talent, possessor of favour before the Lord of the Two Lands, the Governor of Akhetaten, N., maakhcrn."
(c) " . . . . Akhenaten, great in his duration. May he grant . . . the way of Truth for him. He was called at the head of the notaiilos. Governor of Akhetaten, N., maakherii."
((/) ". . . . the great wife of the King, beloved of him, Lady of the Two Lands, Nefertiti, living for ever and ever. May [she] give (?).... entering the Presence in the reserved part of the Palace, the (Governor of Akhetaten, N., iiuiaklicrii."
(!. Suti. Jambs (PI. xxxix.)."
The first columns {a, e) contain salutations of the three Powers.
" A dy hctcp Helen of the living Aten,"
(li) (Right jamh) " . . . . May he grant .... that which is olTored in the Presence."
(<■) ". . . . [like?] the Light, lord of food, great in Niles, by food of whose giving the land liveth. May he send the pleasant breezes of the norlh wind."
((/) " .... of lofty plumes, gleaming with the diadem (?), beloved (?) of the Lord of the Two Lands. Mayest thou (fcni. ?) grant a sight of Aten .... May he grant . . . ."
(/) " . . . . who illumines all the land by bis ka. May he give a fair burial after .... old age, and my rest in tho necropolis (?) of Akhetaten (?), a fitting seat."
(;/) " who illumines (?) all the land by his rising. May he grant the bounty of the good god, the daily ofTering in
tho Presence, that which is set out on tlie
a reception of that which he giveth and his food (?)."
(//) ". . . . Do thou grant departure in tho morning from the Uiulcrworld to see Aten as he rises daily without ceasing."
" For the ka of the standard-bearer of the guild of Nefer-kheperu-ra, Suti, iiuiaklioii, possessor of the good guerdon."
7. Apy. Ceiling (PI. xxxii.).'
" .\ (lij ItcUp sclen of the living Flawk of the two horizons (Ilorakhti)," a goil noble and beloved, living in Truth every day. May be grant the smell of incense, the reception of ointment, a draught of water at the swirl of the stream," and that my soul ho not debarred fi-oiu that which it desires."
" lb., p. G8. ; 76., p. 92.
" This occurrence, without qualificalion, of tho name of the ancient deity whom Akhenaton gi-odually trans- formed into the .'\ten is unparalleled, but not surprising. It was this tendency to revert to old ideas that caused the King about this time to abandon the use of the name entirely.
" " Banks of the pool," in the pai-allcl passage, Plal« iv.
3a
APPENDIX.
DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE AT EL AMARNA.'
The Gist pvopf^is aftov the rock-walls of the cliaiiil)cr had been dresseil with tho chisel as smoothly as the nature of the stone allowed, was to cover the whole with a coating of hard plaster. This was done in order that hy filling up the holes and fissures with which the local I'ock abounds, a perfectly plane surface might he secured, rather than with the idea of being able to work in a softer mediinu ; for whore the wall was already plane the ))lastcr becomes a mere smear, little thicker than paper.
On this dry plaster iho design was sketched out in ink in all detail, often in greater detail than was likely to lie I'eprodiiced by the chisel. The ink might be yellow, red, or black ; if tlie design needed corrections they were made in red or in black. This picture was generally in some- what thick outline (Plates xvii., xviii., xix. ; III. xxx., xxxii.), but occasionally in solid colour (PI. x.).
The pictures were always executed in sunk relief for the sake of the protection afforded to the figures by the suri'onnding surface. The depth to which they were cut varied greatly, larger figures being cut very deep, while small Wdi'k was sometimes only faintly impressed on the plaster (I. xi., xii. ; 111. x., xi., xiv.),- The sculptor, woi'king on tin' ink outlines, sank them to the required extent, leaving tlu^ figures in rounded relief within. If the plaster happened to be ibick, the smaller work might he entirely within it ; but if it \ver(^ a meiv; wash, even the small inscriptions would l)e cut into the stone below. The lai'ger figui-es, owing to their deep cutting, wei-e always mainly formed in stone. Generally speaking, even where all the plaster has fallen awaj', the main outlines of the ])icture and much of the detail can still Ijp recovered from the stone alone.
At this stage the small work had reproduced the ink- design in all or most of its detail, and was complete, except for a lack of finish and precision of line. It needed no more than a wash of line plastei' to make the
' See also Part I., p. 18.
- In these cases the work gives the impression of having been done with a blimt modelling tool while the plaster was soft, as it is so slightly depressed that it scarcely has a definite outline, and often fades into the general surface. Possibly, however, the final coating or wash has given it this smooth appearance, and nearly blotted out the indistinct outline.
surface smooth, and to enable the fine detail to be elaboi'ated.'' Puit in large work, where the stone had been deeply cut into, and the relief stood out boldly, the figures were often rough, and the greater part of the detail had been lost with the surface ; .so that it was necessary to build them up more or less afresh with new jilaster of a fine quality. No doubt at this stage the fresh plaster might bo modelled while still soft. Whether the sculptor used memory and judgment in adding the outlines which the chisel had removed, or had a copy of the design for reference, is not determinable ; but the latter is not probable.
The procedure in the tombs of Pentbn and Ahnies was somewhat different, owing to the soft and crumbling nature of the stone. There the sculptor set to work on his figures either by cutting the wall-surface within the outlines down to the same depth all over, as if for inlay, or gave them only the roughest blocking-out in relief within the mould so formed. By so doing he left nearly all the work to be done afresh ; for he had already removed even the outline of his figures. Nothing of the original design was preserved except a depression roughly corresponding to the original outline, and sometimes rough work in relief within it indicating inner detail (see PI. xi.).
The residt was that the modeller was provided only with a rougli mould to guide him and had to build U]) the required figure within this in fri^sb plaster. The medium, in short, is largely or entirely plaster iidaid in stone, and the results, if correspondingly delicate, were also corres- pondingly frail. The new plaster made a poor join with the old (sec the helmets of the King and Queen in PI. xi.) ; the mould was cut out so roughly that its walls were more plaster than stone ; the inserted figure proved a dead weight of plaster, without the grip upon the wall which it had when it was a thin overlay on a stone matrix. In addition, the stone itself was friable. It is no wonder then that pi-actically the whole of the decoration in the tomb of Penthu has fallen away, and that the inscriptions
■'■ Cf. Plate xlii., where the head of Mahu is finely chiselled in plaster, but without smoothness. Also PI. xli., where only the head of the vizier is perfectly finished off. Those of the elders there need fui'ther working up, and the faces and figures of the prisoners are very I'oughly cut.
Ai'PJONUIX.
which were cut in inlaid tal)lets of plaster iiavc been lost. In the entrance the rock was of better quality, and the figures and texts on both sides, binn;; cut in stone in the old way, were fairly well preserved till recent years.
This method of inlay was partially adopted also in the tonil) of .Ahmcs ; probably in imitation, for the stone here appears to be good. Some of the figures (altars, slaugh- tered oxen, etc.) have been cut out bodily in the plaster and merely form moulds to be filled in afterwards (III. XXX.). In general, however, the work was on the old lines, and, thanks to this, the representation of the soldiery there has not only withstood the lapse of time, hut even the process of casting.
The general technique of the later tombs of Meryra II. and Iluya is poorer, the figures in the smaller work being often but slightly sunk and without distinctness of outline.
The final process was that of painting, which was for
the most part in flat primary colours. In the Southern tombs this stage has rarely advanced far. Alike the sculptures and the architecture remain in general a piuc white. The painted ceiling of Ay, the coloured inscriptions on the beams and columns, the bright cornice of Any, and the fully-coloured scene in tomb 7,' show that this was not deliberate, but that with greater leisure a full scheme of colour would have been carried out. The wall- surfaces of the entrance passages, which were the first parts to be completed, are generally coloured.- A great deal of fine detail was added or restored in the process of painting, and sometimes the smaller work was re-outlined in red (especially on the North Wall of the tomb of Meryra).
' See Frontispiece, Part V.
- This is applicable also to ihe tombs of Ahnies and Penthu, which are so closely allied to the S group.
34
INDEX
|
Ahmf.k, tomb of . 1, 4. 5, ( |
i. 9, |
15, 20, |
2G, 32, |
33 |
" Chief Servitor of Aten " |
3, 4 |
, c. |
29, 30 |
||
|
Akhenaten depicted 2, 3. 4, 5, (i |
13, |
11, 10, |
19, 22, |
28 |
Chronology, data for |
3, 8, 9, |
14, |
22, 31 |
||
|
,, policy of |
. 9, 2G, |
31 |
Clothing |
1, |
14, |
15, |
17, 19 |
|||
|
prayers to |
. |
30, |
31 |
Collins |
10, 24 |
|||||
|
Akhetaten .... |
4, 7, S, |
10 |
Collars, golden ..... |
4, 5, |
14, 15 |
|||||
|
,, rains of. |
11, |
13, 18, |
21 |
Colour . . . 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 13, |
19, |
20, |
23, |
32, 33 |
||
|
Amenhetep 111. |
22, |
30 |
Columns ... 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, |
19, |
23, |
24, |
25, 33 |
|||
|
Ami kitciit .... |
(i. |
30 |
" Commandant of Police " |
14, 31 |
||||||
|
Anatomy ..... |
t. |
, 5, 13, |
19 |
" Commandant of Soldiery " |
17, |
21, 30 |
||||
|
Anv, tomb of . |
13, |
1^ |
1, 27, |
2b, 29, |
33 |
" Companion " . |
0, 30 |
|||
|
Arv, tomb of . . 13, 19, 20, |
22, |
2( |
5,27, |
28, 29, |
31 |
Conventions, artistic |
, 5, 16 |
|||
|
Architecture, tomb- 1, S, 9, 10, 12, |
13, |
1( |
3, 19, |
21, 23, |
33 |
Cornices . . . . 1, ■/ |
. 8, |
10, |
13, |
23, 33 |
|
,, ,, styles compared . |
. |
8 |
Corridor, cross- . . . 2, 9, |
12, |
19, |
21, |
23, 25 |
|||
|
Armoury ..... |
17 |
direct .... |
• |
9 |
||||||
|
Art, quality of . . ■ 2, 3, 5, |
10, |
1. |
'>, 19, |
23, 31, |
33 |
Cow-keeper ..... |
. 5 |
|||
|
Artists |
. 3, 4, |
15 |
Creation, hymns of . |
27, |
28, 29 |
|||||
|
,, methods of . |
. 5, |
U |
\ 14, |
16, 32, |
33 |
Cup |
5,0 |
|||
|
Asses ..... |
17 |
|||||||||
|
Aten, names of . .1, H, 9, |
14, |
1' |
), 22, |
29, 30, |
31 |
Daressy, M |
8, 23 |
|||
|
,, temple of . . .2,1 |
, H, |
1- |
1, 15, |
17, 28, |
29 |
Decoration of tondjs 2, 8, 10, 13, 15, |
19, |
24 |
25 |
32, 33 |
|
,, h\'mns to . . . |
13 |
1 |
4, 19 |
20, 2G-31 |
J)efcnces of city .... |
14, 10 |
||||
|
Authorship of hymns |
27, 28, |
29 |
Deputy-mayor ..... |
. 10 |
||||||
|
Av, tond) of ... . |
7. 20, |
33 |
Deterioration of records . . .8, Door-framings inserihod . 1, |
20, 12, |
22 19, |
28, 21, |
30, 32 24,25 |
|||
|
Jiarsanti, M. . |
7, |
21 |
Door witli lattice .... |
. 8 |
||||||
|
Benhcn, House of the |
2S |
,, plank- ..... |
. 20 |
|||||||
|
Bouriant, INI. . |
r, 12, |
23, 28, |
30 |
,, double ..... |
8 |
23, 25 |
||||
|
Brazier |
17 |
Dog |
. 17 |
|||||||
|
Buildin.i,'s depicted |
. 4 |
r |
), 11, |
15, 10, |
17 |
Dy Jictcp sctcn prayers |
. |
1, |
21, |
30, 31 |
|
Burials ..... |
9, |
10 |
||||||||
|
Buvial-cliamber |
1, 9. |
12 22 |
24 |
Editor, assistance by |
17, 20 |
|||||
|
Burial-shaft .... |
1. 9, |
21, 25, |
30 |
Egypt, ancient and modern Enamel ...... |
. 18 . 14 |
|||||
|
Cartouches .... |
, 4, |
I- |
1, 19, |
21, 22, |
24 |
Entanglements, military . |
. 16 |
|||
|
Cattle |
3, 4, 5 |
|||||||||
|
Ceilings ..... |
£ |
I, 10, |
20, 31, |
33 |
False-doors ..... |
9, 13 |
||||
|
" Chancellor," .... |
. 3,0, |
30 |
Fashions, changes in . . . |
8, |
13, |
10, |
22, 31 |
|||
|
Chariots |
2, 4 |
'>, 15, |
10, 17, |
18 |
" Favourite of the good Clod " . |
0, .30 |
||||
|
" Chief of Chiefs "... |
0, |
30 |
Feathers as head-dress |
. 19 |
||||||
|
" Chief of Companions " . |
0, |
30 |
Figures of deceased .... |
1 |
. 8, |
13, |
20, 21 |
|||
|
" Chief Physician " . |
3. |
, 0, 29, |
30 |
Fish |
. 17 |
INDEX.
Flowers ....
" Follower of the feet of the K
Food ....
Foreigners
Forts .
Furniture ....
Galleries for burial . Gardens depicted " Governor of Akhetaten " Graffiti .... Granary .... Guilds ....
Hagg Qaudil, village of .
Handcuffs
Haste apparent in work .
Hay, Robert
Head-dress
Plistorical veracity of scenes
Horakhti ....
Horeniheb
Horses (see also " Chariots ")
Human touches in scenes .
HUY ....
Huv.\, tomb of.
Hynni to Aten .
M ,, ,, Shorter
Illiteracy ....
Incense ....
Ink, records in .
Inlay, plaster .
Inspection of stores .
Interpolated t8.\ts
" Intimate of the King " .
Jars .....
Jeoquier, M.
Jones, Mr. Harold .
King (see " Eoyal," " Akhenaten," " Amenhetep ") ,, smiting enemy
Laver, C
Lamp ■ . . . Legraiii, M. .
Lepsius, Richard J 2 7
L'Hote, Nestor Lintel, scenes ou Litci'ary quality of hymns Loggia of palace
. 17 G, ;iO 28, 29, 30, 31 . 17 . 14, IG, 17 . 2, 3
24, 25
. 4
14.24,31
1
. 4
. 25
. 17
8, 9, 10, 15, 24, 25
7, 8, 23, 28, 29
14, 15, 19
. 1
. 31
. 8
. IG
IG, 17
. 21
1, 6, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33 . 14, 2G, 27, 29, 30 13, 19, 20, 2G-29, 31
12, 13, 15, 16, 26, 31
13, 22
13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 32
. 2, 32, 33
. IT
26, 27, 28
. 3, 29, 30
. 5, 17, 18
8
14
|
7 |
1 23 |
|
M |
|
|
b |
|
|
11, |
28 |
|
■ 7, |
29 |
|
19, |
21 |
|
26. |
31 |
|
5, |
14 |
Maat
Maiiiiou .
Mahu . 9, 10. 12-18, 20, 22
Mamicrisnis in art
Masts
May.
Mi;kkt.\ti'.n
Meuvua, tomb of
Merytaten
Methods of craftsmen
Motives estimated
Mazau. (See also " Police ")
Mutilation of tombs .
26, 27. 28, 30, . 3, 5, 8.
3, 4
9. 13, 27, 28,
.2, 9, 14,
10,
2. 8, 9. 10. 12.
1, 2. 5, 8, 12,
. 19
. 12
31.32
13. 14 . 16 4, 10
, 3, 14 29, 33 16.22 15.24 15. 16
14, 15 19, 28
7, 8 ; Neh-.maat-ha
Nebt-a.nt.
Necropolis, Northern ,. Southern
,, change of
NEFEK-KHni'KltU-IIEK-SEKH
NuKBiiTiTi (see " Queen ' Nurses
3,
. 22, 30
. 21
3,7,9.11
7-11, 12, 13, 29, 33
. 3, 7. 8
23,31
I
Octroi Offerings . Ointment . Originality Ornaments, personal
Palace
Panehesv, tomb of . Papyrus-llower sign . Patching-stones Pi;.\rni' .
,, titles of
,. tomb of Pctrie, Professor Pharaoh . Pilasters . Plagiarism Plaster, use of . Portals Portraiture Priests
Princesses (see " Royal Family Princes Police Prisoners . " Privy Councillor '
. IG
2, 13, 14. 19, 22
22. 31
4. 26
4, 6, 14, 15. 19
5,8, 10, M
3. 4. 9
. 31
. 5, 7
2-6, 29. 30
. 3, 4, 5, 29. 30
1-6. 9,20. 32, 33
11, 13. 21
4, 17
. 8. 16. 19. 23
3, 4. 14. 26
10. 21, 22. 24,32, 33
. 8. 23. 25
3. 5. 13, 19. 22, 32
1.3.4,27
Quality of art Quay shown
i. 3,
. 17
14. 15, 16, 17, 18
17, 18, 32
;i, 30
10. 15, 19, 23. 32, 33 I
INIIKX.
|
Queen tlepicteil |
2, 3, |
4, |
5, G, |
13, |
19, 22 |
Stairs ..... |
. 9, 12, 13, 24 |
|
|
laudation of . |
20, 31 |
" Steward " . |
. 20 |
|||||
|
prayers to . . . |
, |
30, 31 |
" Steward of the house of Nebmaat |
•a" |
. 22, 30 |
|||
|
,, sister of . |
8 |
Stores, Government . SUTI |
4, 17 . 25, 31 |
|||||
|
R.NMKS .... |
14, 20, |
21, |
22, 30 |
|||||
|
,, of Alid-el-Qurneh . |
22 |
Technique .... |
. 2 |
10, 13, 15, 32, 33 |
||||
|
Eeoords of tombs, previous |
7, .'^, |
11, |
23, 2.S |
Temple represented . |
. 2, 3, 8, 14, 15 |
|||
|
Rewards of otiicials . |
2, 3, 4 |
. r>. |
10, 14 |
Terrace, raised .... |
. 15, 1(5 |
|||
|
Roads to tombs |
. 11 |
Texts, corruption of . |
. 20 |
|||||
|
Rock, nature of |
1, 2, 7 |
10, 10, |
21, |
32, 33 |
Textual criticism |
2G, 27 |
||
|
Eossctti .... |
3 |
Theban fashions |
8, 26 |
|||||
|
" Royal Cbanccllor " |
0, 30 |
Titles ... 6, 17, 20, |
21, |
22, 24, 25, 30, 31 |
||||
|
" Royal Scribe " |
i;, 20, |
21, |
29, 30 |
Toinbs, late occupation of |
. 1, 2, 10 |
|||
|
Royal family ... 2, |
3, 4, ti. |
13, 14, |
10, |
19, 22 |
,, uninscribed . |
7, 9, 10, 11, 29 |
||
|
,, hymn . . . . |
14, 2(i, |
27, |
29, 30 |
Trench in floor |
2 |
|||
|
,, tomb |
. 2, 3 |
Tutu, tomb of . Tyi |
13, |
14, 20, 27, 28, 29 G, 25 |
||||
|
Sanctuary, Smaller . |
. 2, 3 |
|||||||
|
Sceptre .... Scbaefer, Dr. . |
. 14 2 . 3 30, 31 10, 17 . 17 |
U.\-KN-R.\ ..... Underworld . ... |
15, IG, 29, 30, 31 29, 31 |
|||||
|
Screens .... Scribes . . . 1, (i Sentries . . ' . Sentry-houses . |
17, 20 |
21, 26, |
29 |
Unfinished designs 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, tombs . . 2, 9, 10, |
13, 12, |
14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 32, 33 19, 21, 23, 24, 25 |
||
|
Shipping; Shrines .... " Sister " as wife Sistra .... |
2 1^ |
, J2, |
21 |
4 23, 25 21, 22 . 20 |
Variants in hymns . Vessels Victualling guard-houses . |
. 2G, 27 5, 6, 13, 17, 22 . 17 |
||
|
" Sole Companion " . |
0, .30 |
Vizier ..... |
. 14, IG, 17, 32 |
|||||
|
Soldiery .... |
.") |
14, 33 |
||||||
|
" Standai'd-boarer " . |
. 25 |
Weapons ..... |
. 17 |
|||||
|
Standards, military . |
14, 15 |
Whitewashed tombs |
. 10, 12, 23, 33 |
|||||
|
Statues .... |
1 |
21, 25 |
Wigs |
. 21 |
||||
|
Stela in tomb |
12, 13 |
Women ..... |
. 15, 17, 21, 31 |
|||||
|
,, boundary |
. |
s |
13, 14 |
Worship, scenes of . |
1, 2, 13, 15, 19, 22 |
ilLHhKT AM) KlVIMiTuN I.IMil'EIi, ST. Ji>ll\ S ll'iL's]., ULKKK L SAVELf., E.C.
PLATE8
NOTE.
An index to tho jjassni^es in the text which are oxplanatorv of the several plates
will l>i' found on paijes vii., viii.
El Amarna IV.
TOMB OF PENTU PLANS AND SECTIONS.
Plate I.
Scale '-
El Amarna IV.
TOMB OF PENTU-FACADE.
Plate II.
LEFT END OF LINTEL.
Scale i
PLASTER -RAGMENT. (Now in lieitin.)
^"i^
^TTn^nrpv
'^i. J J
RIGHT JAMB.
Scale 1
LEFT JAMB.
RIGHT END OF LINTEL.
El Amarna IV.
PENTU -NORTH THICKNESS,
Plate III.
Scale 1
El Amarna IV.
PENTU SOUTH THICKNESS.
Plate IV.
Scale :
El Amarna IV.
PENTU- NORTH N
Scale
THE ROYAL FAMILY
LL, UPPER SCENE.
Plate V.
TERING THE TEMPLE.
El Amarna IV.
PENTU-NORTH \
THE COURT 01
Scale 1
LL, UPPER SCENE.
Plate VI.
#
».
|
fo I.IU |
( — 1 51 |
Ij
O III
t
M
r-HS
in.]
THE TEMPLE.
El Amarna IV.
PENTU-NORTH
((^
m A¥3
|
H 1 .ilrJ 1 1 1 |
P 1 If |
^
Olll
C5 111
PENTU DECORATED.
Scale 1
VA.:.L, UPPER SCENE.
Plate VII.
THE LESSER SANCTUARY.
El Amarna IV.
PENTU-LC
/ ._L
!/.
l. \ '
\n c
w^
J', ,1', A ," ^^ /■;
K .1- 1\
;-r-^
^fflBBE
_ I
NORTH
SOUTH
ER SCENES.
Plate VIII.
VALL
ALL
El Amarna IV.
PENTU. FRAGMENTS.
Plate IX.
)^
B (See Plate VIII)
J u
ir\i
ftl...lMclfcCl
A iSec I'late VIII)
El Amarna IV.
TOMB OF PENTU.
Plate X.
f
4t
iM
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7
I /
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r
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UJ
I- <
z
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111
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EL AMARNA IV
TOMBS OF PENTU AND RAMES
PLATE XI
(/)
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3
EL AMARNA IV
TOMBS OF PENTU AND MAHU
PLATE XII
i.^J -•
I:
S^^c ; ■ i4_^
W'
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X
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\
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Ol
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X
X
X
SI
a!
El Amarna IV.
SOUTHERN T0^
^$0fll^
^^•1
..^•^
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**•'
c-*"'?
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5co/e-L
(S-GENERAL PLAN.
Plate XIII.
SS>^
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J'J'''
,i
I 1
I '
! 1
I ;
OWNERS OF TOMBS.
7 PAR . . .
8 TUTU.
9 MAHU
10 APY
I I RA-MES
12 NEKMT-PA-ATEN
la NEFERKMEPERUMER-SEKMtPER
I* MAY
IS SUTI.
10 SUTAU.
as ANY.
94 PA-ATENEMMEO
as AY.
El Amarna IV.
TOMB OF MAHU.
Plate XIV.
LONGITUDINAL SECTION, LOOKING WEST.
'-'' \ Chamber
|
1 |
j |
|
|
/ |
||
|
1 — i |
||
|
"^ |
— 1 |
m
SECTION ON A.B
Scole
-.'.111? I M •■=
PLAN.
El Amarna IV.
MAHU NORTH THICKNESS.
Plate XV.
ScaU i
THE ROYAL FAMILY WORSHIPPING ATEN.
El Amarna IV.
MAHU NORTH END WALL.
Plate XVI.
Soiile \
THE STELA.
El Amarna IV.
MAHU BACK WALL, N. SIDE.
Plate XVII.
k
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I <
5
El Amarna IV.
MAHU-BACK WALL, N. SIDE.
Plate XVIII.
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u
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(/)
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X <
(Completed or Plate XIX.)
El Amarna IV,
MAHU -BACK WALL, N. SIDE.
Plate XIX.
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I \-
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CO
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2
El Amarna IV.
MAHU-BACK^
THE ROYAL CHARIOT
Scale I
^LL, S. SIDE.
Plate XX.
:.AVING THE TEMPLE.
El Amarna IV.
MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.
Plate XXI.
£L.a_[L-a.n.n nn^n iiiinnnr
\
a ■
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a
a.
Scale
(Complclioit of Scenes on I'ls. XX, XXtl).
El Amarna IV.
Scale i
THE ROYAL CI
•BACK /ALL. S. SIDE.
Plate XXII,
RIOT SSING THE SENTRIES.
El Amarna IV.
MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.
Plate XXI
i<?l
v///////y^;r^////////y/////yy^-^^^^^^ y^
9j^
1^
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^1
^=5='
I I
Scale I
THE FALSE DOOR.
El Amarna IV.
MAHU"FR(
MAHU EXEF
Scale i
.LL. S SIDE.
Plate XXIV.
HIS OFFICE.
MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.
Plate XXV.
Scene destroyed. (For Key Flan sec Plate XXVlll.)
^ ><
a.
{Completion of scenes on Plates XXIV, .V.VK/.)
El Amarna IV.
MAHU -FRONT
MAHU BRINGS PRISONE
Scale I
ALL. S. SIDE.
Plate XXVI.
3 TO THE VIZIER.
El Amarna IV.
MAHU- BACK WALL.
Plate XXVII.
1
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ScaU\
El Amarna IV.
MAHU-JAMBS OF OUTER DOORWAY.
Plate XXVIII.
0 0 0
:;!_. I
L/75
V^
v^
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5caie i
KEY TO SOUTH END WALL.
0 ct
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5"ca/e i
El Amarna IV.
MAHU-FRAGMENTS.
Plate XXIX.
Scale
FIGURE OF MAHU {S. Thickness)
V
Scale J
THE PALACE BALCONY (Front Wall, N. Sitle)
Scale i
HEAD OF QUEEN (See Ptale XVI.)
Scale I
THE PRAYER OF MAHU (Ifortli Tkichntss)
El Amarna IV.
TOMBS 10 lAPYj, 9a, 9c.
Plate XXX.
TOMB 9A-SECTI0N.
^
So-,d
^^^
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TOMB 9A-PLAN.
Wyf^^^i^a^^^.^^
TOMB 9c PLAN.
TOMB 9C--SECTION ON A.B.
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TOMB 9C-SECTION ON CD.
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TOMB 10 iAPY)-SECTION ON A.B,
El Amarna IV.
TOMB OF APY ENTRANCE.
Plate XXXI.
V 111 0 (^ ' V hc:=>^ / CO
^ n £*=<: //
piii^
El Amarna IV.
SHORTER HYMN TO THE ATEN.
Plate XXXII.
4
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APY ANY MERVRA WHU TUTU
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APY-OEILINQ INSCRIPTION,
El Amarna IV.
SHORTER HYMN TO THE ATEN (Cijntmued).
Plate XXXIII.
APr Alir MERYRA TUTU
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El Amarna IV.
TOMBS 7a, 7b, 9b, 11 iRAMES).
Plate XXXIV.
TOMB 9B-PLAN.
TOMB 7A-SECTI0N.
TOMB 7A-PLAN.
TOMB 7B-SECTI0N.
7 ■ , .-
TOMB 7B-PLAN.
TOMB 11-SECTION.
El Amarna IV.
TOMB OF RAMES ENTRANCE.
Plate XXXV.
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El Amarna IV.
TOMB 13.
Plate XXXVI.
PLAN.
\ I
i
Scale
oiCiH Quirinn' ' ^
' ■ ' ■'-1 rccT
J
El Amarna IV.
TOMB 13. SECTIONS, ETC.
Plate XXXVII.
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
(Looking Eunt).
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III
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Scale
S. COLUMN, N. SIDE.
EXTERIOR. LEFT JAMB.
El Amarna IV.
TOMB OF SUTI PLAN AND SECTIONS.
Plate XXXVI
•T?^
SECTION ON A.B.
SECTION ON CD.
Scale ^
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El Amarna IV.
TOMBS OF SUTl AND APY.
Plate XXXIX.
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SUTI-LEFT JAMB.
RIGHT JAMB.
Scale \
EL AMARNA IV
TOMB OF MAHU
PLATE XL
^.
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EL AMARNA IV
TOMB OF MAHU
PLATE XLI
' ■--->r-, f'". ;i!
■^T:.
.:.»ii
■(5ii'^
•it^-V,,'!..
MAHU AND THE CITY OFFICIALS
U>'
L
'A
: \
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THE ROYAL FAMILY DRIVING OUT
EL AMARNA IV
TOMB OF MAHU
PLATE XLII
•^•v.
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f^'-ll-
^J ,.^^^^^^^^_
CHARIOT (Ink design)
MAHU (Plate XVIIh
NEFERTITI tPlate XVI/
EL AMARNA IV
TOMBS 10 (APY) AND 13
PLATE XLIII
TOMB 13 — INTERIOR
i^-
APY — HYMN TO ATEN
TOMB 13 - EXTERIOR
EL AMARNA IV
TOMB OF APY
PLATE XLIV
^3(>^i
^t;A^;-"'
THE VOTIVE PIECES
I'ltr.,
.t"M^' -^^
^^(,f:/f'|^#ll
THE ROYAL FAMILY
EL AMARNA IV
TOMB OF RAMES
PLATE XLV
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V] -HIEROOLYl'IIS FROM THE OOLLECTIONS i ''"'^ "' J""" "°'-*- ''' "" "' ""■ °-''"-'-
( It Fiatns. 2.JS.
OF THE EGYPT E\ I'LOlt.ATION FUND. For '
1S95-.1. Bv F. El. GK,B.,T„. 9 Coloured Plates. : -XV.-THE ROi.k' TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. • ' ' Price 25s. ' l'-'"'t ' ' ^ ■ For llOi-o. liy X. he G. DAVIES.
Ill ri t.ei. 2.">o'.
711.— BEXI HASAN. P.;it iV. For IS'JiJ-?. B.\ ; aVI. 'IHL UOCK TiMlB.S OF Ei, AMARNA. P. Ll. Grufitji. (llhulinliiif, X!i:as(s and Kir.is. | ;';ut. 1 \'. For l'ii)5-ri. By N. he G. D.WIES.
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AR: ■liAEOLOGICAL REPORTS : (Yearly Summaries by I . G. Kenyun, W. E. Crum, and the Officers of thu Society.) EiliteJ by F. Li.. Guifpiti!, Froiu 1892-:? to 190o-G. 2s. OJ. etch. (1801-6, 3s. Cxi. 1695-6, 3i.) HE SEASON'S ^VORK AT AITVAS VNI) I'.EM H^iSAN. Special Extra Report. 1890-1 .». G-?.
vOriA IH20Y: "Saying's of our E in I," from an Early Greek Pajiyrus. By B. P. GrrvFEU. i-u.l A.S.Hunt. 2-. (^with Colli. lyiH's), ;.nd lu'. net.
Nl »V SAYINGS OF .l!',SUS »\D KIlAGMEXT OF .V Lt»ST (^i^'SPEE. By P.. P. CiuK.-.TKLL and A. S.
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