Soatnu llniti^rattg Cttolbg? of iCtb^ral Arta JGtbrarg

The Gift of "tiie. .Hutiaojr:

378.744 ^55^8 ^^^^

BOSTOII TOTIVKKSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL

THESIS

"ROOT-DERIVATIVES in the GERI/IAN and LATIII L/JIGUAGES"

by

Morris '."artov/ (A.B.- Boston University - 1931)

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requS^rements for the degree of Master of Arts»

BOSTON U;>ifv'£kSiTY COLLEGE OF LIBERAL AfiTfi UBRA^Y

5 €f-

PAGE:

OOTLIKE

!•	Forev/ord
2.	Grirran^s Lav/
3 •	Root I, AGIi or AlIGH
4.	" II,
5 •		tt
6.	" III,	Al'[ or AWK
7.	It If	ft ft It
8.	" IV '	AP
9.	" V ,	AR or AL
10,	tf »•	ft ft ff
11.	" VI '	AR
12,	"VII '	AS
13.	"VIII,	BHALG or BIILAG
14.	"IX ,	BHAR
15.	"X	Bin;
16	"Xl ,	BIISUGH
17.	"XII ,	DAIv or DIK
18	"XIII,
19.	"XIV ,	DIIU
20.	"XV ,	FLA or FLO
21.	":{vi ,	GA or GALi
22.	"XVII,	GAI'T
23.	tf ft	ff
24,	"XVIII,	GAH
2 S #	"XIX .	GEAR
26.	ftvv g	GIV;
27.	!l VVT	GUS
28,	":cai ,	XAD
29.	":o:iii.	ivAlj
30.	ff ft	ft
31.	"XJ^iV ,	KM!
32.	tf If	tf
33.	"XXV	KAP
34.	ff fT	ft
35.	":cvvi ,	or IIAL
	If tf	t» tf ff
37.	">LXTII,	T.'TpT : \ 1 1
33.	ft tf	ff
39 .	"XXVIII	, KI .
40.	"7JCIX	, LAGH
41.	":ocx	, LIK
42.	"xxxl	, LU
43.	"XXXII.	, LUBH or LI3H
44.	"XXXIJI	, LUK
45.	"xjaiv	, MA or HAD
46,	•t ff	ft ft ft
47.	"]co:v	, I'AK or MAGH o
48.	":o[xvi	, KMl or IJADH
49.	!f If	ft ft ft

OUTLIITE

r ALrli I
OU •	Root XXXVII.	i.iiill or : -iiij
51 •	ft	ft	ft ft ft
	tt	If	ft ft It
oo.	It	XXXV III	T/r ATI /-I
•	ft	XXTTX	f i 1 xilii.
oo •	It
OD •	II	II	fl
57 •	ft		, rAD
c o oo •	It	XTiTT
OU •	II	YT TTT	"DAT /-\v> 'DM?
An oU •	If	II	ft ft ft
61 •	If	'/T TV	, r Ail
o<i •	ft	If	ft
DO •	It		T5T?rn , rilil
D^i •	fi	XL VI	P A^P f X iix
DO •	If		T3T A Tr /^n "DT A , xLiiiY OP rLA
OD •	ft	ft	ft ft tf
D / •	II	XL. VII I	"DT TT , rL U
Do •	It	>XIX	f r * liixV
oy •	It	T,	, itAijil OP J-iiiX).
•70 f u •	ft	fl	tl tl tl
f ± •	ft	T.T i-J X
•70	ft	It	tf
fC) •	ft	LII	• nl OP L±
	ft	ft	ft ff tt
( O •	ft	Xi ^ X X	• Oil
< D •	It	ft	It
It*	If	LTV	Q T , oAXi
	It	LV	^ oAlii
•70	If	JJ V X
oU •	It	ft	tf
o n 81 •	It	T VTT J-J V X X	, OivAD - OivU
	ft	tt	' tl tt
	ft	Tt	tt tt
o4 •	ft	T.VTTT	o V A T3 Of A , oiVilr — oxvA
oO»	ft	Xj x^\	• oivAxl OP oivA.
o c OD •	ft	tt	If ft ff
o / •	ft		QX^ A v.r , oxuAiv
o o oo •	tf	LXI	, orA or orii-W
QQ OC7 •	ft	LXII	. oi Ax\ OP orR.
90 .	ft	tt	tf II tt
91.	n	LXII I	, STA
92.	ft	tt	ff
93.	ft	ft	ft
94.	tt	LXIV	, STAG
95.	ft	LXV	, STAG
96.	ft	LXVI	, STAR
97.	tt	ft	tf
98,	ft	LXVII	, STIG

OUTLIIIE

PAGE:
99.	Root Lxviii, sv;ah
100,	" LXIX, TAN
101.	tl tt tt
102/	" LXX, TAHS
103.	" LX.XI , ''!JA
104.	" I.XII , \VAG - ^	'!UK -
105.	" LXIII , WAGH
106.	" LXIV , "/AK or	YJAG
107.	" LXV , ".VAL
108.	" LX\^I , 'VAN
109	" L^ri'II, "VAR or	v;al
110.	tf !f ff tf	tf
111.	" LXVIII, v:ar or v:al
112.	ff ff tf ff	ft
115.	" LXIX , '.-'AHG
114.	" l:c:. , v/AS
115.	" LXXIJ VJID " LXJ^II, V.TK
116.
117.	" L7JJ:III, "TK
118.	" L>:xiv, YA
119.	BIBLIOGRAPHY
1330.	ff

1

FC3HEV/0RD

The following thesis is an attempt to correlate words in the German and Latin languages by reference to their cor.-irion ancestry, the primitive Indo-European language. That this synoptic view of languages is a great aid in a better understanding of them is a fact greatly appreciated by philologists, the similarity of the two languages, both in structure ana vocabulary, offer an undeniable proof of their com:::on ancestry and kinship.

I had intended to devote a section of the thesis to the study of cognate words, but inasmuch as all v/ords listed under one root are cognate in the broad sense or the term, I have confined myself only to those v/ords which are similar in m.eaning, ana these I have identified by parallel notations designating the number and letter of the cognate.

The roots in parentheses are Teutonic,

2

(with reference to the Italic and Teutonic branches only)

Indogermanic Latin Teutonic High German

GH h,f,(G) G k

G g K ch, hh

K c H h

GwH g, h, f G k

Gv/ V Q,K ch, hh

Q qu, c H h

DH D

f,(cl,h,) d, 1 t

D T

t

ts , s

d

BH f,(b) B p

B h P pf, f

P p P f

HOTS; Apparent exceptions to the aDove law may arise, as, for example, in the case of the root 'I^AL ' (Teutonic root 'HiiL'), where two Gerrnan root-derivatives appear as 'HaLL', in keeping with the law, and 'SCHALL', an apparent exception, but this irregularity may be explained as due to PALATALIZATIOU, one of the many forc-as forces at y/ork in language developem.ent .

I. AGH or AKGH (AG or AUG)

1. Origin: 'NG' are consonants denoting ^compression'

2. I.'eaning: to choke, strangle, afflict, frighten

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, anger e - to strangle (4(1)

b, angor - a strangling

c. angina - the quinsy, as suffocating

d. angustus - narrow, contracted (4c) e# anxius - distressed

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Angst - anguish, anxiety, fear

h, angstigen - to alarm, render anxious

c. eng - narrow, tight, confined (3d)

d, engen - to narrow, contract (3a)

4

II. AK (AH)

1. Origin: 'K' is the consonant denoting 'motion'. 2* Meaning: to pierce, be sharp, be quick

5# Latin Root-Derivatives;

a. acer - piercing

b. acerbus - sharp, sour

c. acuere - to sharpen

d. acies - sharpness of vision

e. acus - a needle f • acervus - a heap

g» acna - a square piece of land

h, cel*»-ox - sv/lft

i. di— ox - a fish j . vel — ox - rapid

k. axis - an axle-tree (4a) 1. axilla -the shoulder (4b) m. equus - a horse n» equiso - a stable-boy o. ocftor - quicker

p. ocris - a broken, stony mountain

q. aqua - water

r, jj^ inanis(lnacnis) - empty

# Vanicek's "Lateinisches IVorteriDUch" P. 4

II. AK(AH)

German Root-Derivatives:

a, Achse - an axle, axis (5k) t). Achsel- the shoulder (31) 0. Ecke - edge, corner, angle d# eggen - to harrow

6

III. AlC or iilH: (AH- or AUG)

1. Origin: *TTIv' are the consonants ol" 'flexure' 2« Ivleaning: to bend

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. ad — uncus - hooked

b. red — uncus - curved or bent baclcwards

c. uncatio - a bending inwards

d. uncatus - hooked, curved

e. uncinatus - furnished v;ith hooks f • uncinus - a hook, barb

g. uncus - a hook, barb

h. ancilla - female slave

i. ancula - a maid servant

j. ancus - a servant, as bending, crouching

k« anculare - to bring something as servant

1 • anus - an old woman

m, anulus - a finger-ring

n, angellus - a little corner

o, angulus - an angle

p. angulare - to make angular

q. anguis - a serpent

r. anguilla - an eel (4a)

s. anclabris - a sacriflicial table

t, anclator - an attendant

#

I

7

III, AK or ANK (AH or AKG)

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

u. acinus - a borry, osp. the grape V. ancora - an anchor

cingo - to go round in a circle X. unguis - claw, nail y, ungula - claw

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a, A6.1 - an eel (5r)

b. Ahn - grandfather, ancestor

c« Angel - hinge, pole or the earth

d, Enlcel - ankle, grandchild, descendant

f

8

IV. AP

1. Origin: 'P' is the c6nsonant of growth, due developement or

excellence.

2. Ivieaning: to seize, attain, bind, v/ork, enclose.

3. Latin Koot-Derivatives :

a.	aptus - fit, appropriate
b.	optiraus - best
c .	optare - select
d.	opes - power
e •	copia (co--dps) - aoundance
f .	ODUs — work, labor (4a^
S-	amentum - a strap or thong
h.	ames - a pole or fork
i.	apere - to join, to tie to
j-	apisci - to take, seize
k.	aper - a wild boar (4b)
1.	apis - a bee
m.	apex - point, top
0 .	opetis - a plant,.
p.	opimus - rich, fertile

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. iiben - to exercise, practise, exert(3f )

b. Sber - a wila boar (3k) Perhaps-

c. Sifer- zeal, ardor, fervor

d. libel - evil, ill, wrong

e. eben - level, plain, precisely

0

9

V# AR' or AL

1. Origin: *L' is the consonant of growth, presBure

'R' is the consonant of support, excellence

2» Meaning: to raise, move, go

3. Latin Root-Derrlvatives :

a. ah — olere- to retard the growth of h. adolescere - to grow up

c. coalescere - to grow together

d. exolescere - to attain its full size

e. proles - progeny, child

f. proletarius - a citizen of the lowest class, who served

the state not with his property, but only with his chilaren ( prole s ) •

g. suboles - a sprout, offshoot

h. elementum - a first principle

i. alacer - brisk, active j. alere - nourish, sustain

k. alnus - the alder (4c) •

1. altus - grown or become great

m. ordiri - begin, undertake

n, ordo - methodical arrangement

o. oriri - grow or spring forth

p. origo - ealiest beginning

q, ira - anger (kindred to Sanskrit ' IR ' - to be moved)

r. iners - indolent, inactive

s. ulmus - elri-tree

10

V, AR or jiL

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

t, ulva - sedge

u. arduus - tilgh, elevated

v, arimdo - tho reed, cane

VI, ornus - the wild moiintain ash

4. German Root-Derivatives :

a. Art - race, species

b. alt - old, ancient

c. Eller - the alder (3k)

d. Erde - earth, world

0

\

11

VI. /iR

1. Origin: 'R' is the consonant of coincidence.

'RT' are the consonants oi' adjustment,

2. Meaning: to gain, acquire, fit

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. aranea - spider, coDv/eb

b. arma - what is fitted to the body for its protection,

defensive armor

c. arnius - the shoulder where it is fitted to the shoulder

blade (4a)

d. ars - skill in joining something

e. sellers ( solltis--ars) - dexterous, ingeiiious

f. aitus - fitted, confined

g. irritus - undecided, unfixed

h. ulna - the elDov/(4D) Related v;ords:

i. ratio - calculation, computation(4c ) j. reor - judge, thinlc

k, rltus - custom, usage

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Arm - the arm (3c)

b. Elle - ell(3h)

c. raten - to counsel, advise, solve (3i)

0

0

12

VII. AS

1, Origin: 'S' denotes breath Itself or breath as representing

self or spirit, and the Inner action of self or spirit,

2. Meaning: to breathe, live, exist, be

3. Latin Root-Derivatives :

a, esse - to be b# sum - I am

c« suus(sui, siDi, se) - his oivn

d. sons - he who was it, the real person, the guilty one

e. orare - to argue, plead

f. OS - the mouth

g. oscillum - a little cavity in the middle of leguminoud

fruits where the germ sprouts forth

h. oscitare - to gape, yawn

i. ostiiur^ - a door

j. sententia - judgement

k, sentio - to discern by the senses

1, sine - la:/ or set down

m. situs - the manner of lying, site

n. spiro - to breathe, blov/

o. sponte - of one's ovm accord

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. ist he is(3a)

b. sein - to be, exist(oa)

c. selber - the same, the selfsarie

d. Sitte - custom, habit, usage

13

VIII. BHALG or BirLivG (BL/U:)

!• Origin: »BL» denote light.

2. Meaning: to shine, burn

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. f arf arus (f argf argus) - the plant colt's foot

b. flagitium - burning shame, outrage

c. flagito - entreat, solicit

d. flaTrmia - a blazing fire

e. flagrare - to burn, blaze

f . f lavus(51agvus) - golden yellow

g. fulvus - deep yellow

h. fulgere - to flash, lighten

i. fulgur - lightning

j. fulraen «- lightning that strikes or sets on fire

k. frigere - to roast, parch

1. fulica - a coot (a vvrater-fowl )

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. blau - blue, azure

b. blelch - pale, v;an 0. bleichen - to bleach

d. bllcken - to glance, shine

e. blinlcen - to gleari, twinl^le, sparkle

f . bllnzen - tv/inlcLe, nictate

g. blitzen - to glance, flash, sparkle

h. Pracht - splendor, magnificence

0

14

IX. BHARCB/iR)

1, Origin: 'PR' denote pressure up, do\7n, outv/ard 2# Meaning: to "bear, carry

5. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. fero - to bear, lead (4e)

b. fertllis - fruitful, fertile

c. fordus - pregnant

d. firmus - firm, steadfast

e. fortuna - fate, fortune f • fors - chance, hazard

g, f rater - a "brother (4f)

h. fur - a thief

4. G-ernaU Root-Derivatives:

a. Berg - mountain, hill

b. bilden - to fashion, discipline

c. Braut - bride, fiancee

d. breit - broad, wide

e. bringen - to bring'j ■ convey (3a)

f. Eruder - brother (3g)

g. Burde - burden, charge, load

h# gebaren - to bring forth, produce i .Geburt - labor, deliver;/, birth j. gebaren - to conduct oneself k« Geberde - gesture, mien

*

15

X. EIIU(BU)

1. Origin: 'BU'(P) denotes grov;th, production, increase

2, Meaning: to grow, become, be, dwell

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. favus - a lione^/- comb(4f )

b. favere - to promote, befriend

c. fecundus - fruitful, fertile

d. felix - fertile

e. fetus - pregnant, breeding

f. felis - a cat

g. fenus - interest on capital

h. foenile - relating to interest or usury

i . f eraen - the thigh

j . f entculuin - fennel

k. fenum - hay

1. fui - I have been

m, futurus - about to be

n. fio(BIIA — BHU) - to tecome

o. trilQus - originally, a third part of the Roman people; later, a division of the people

4, C-ernan Root-Derivatives:

a. Bau - edifice, structure

b. Bauer - farmer, peasant

c. bin - I am

d. Eoden - landed property, soil

e. Kachbar - neighbor

f. Waoe - honey-comb(3a)

16

XI. BIIEUGn(BUa)

1, Origin: 'BG' are consonants denoting flexure, 2m Meaning: to "bow, bend, turn about

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. fuga - a fleeing, flight

b. fugax - sv/ift, fleet

c. fugitivus - fleeing av/ay, fugitive

d. fugio - to flee

e. fugo - to put to flight f • perfuga - a deserter

g. refugium - a recourse, place of refuge

4, German Root- Derivatives:

a, Beugen - bend, bow, curve

b. biegen - bend, bow

c, biegsam - flexible, yielding

d. Bo gen- curve, arc

17

XII. DAK or DIX

1. Origin: 'DK' are consonants expressing strongly the "brealcing

forth of light.

2. Meaning: to show, teach

5. Latin Root-Derivatltves :

a. .decet - it behooves

b. decus - glory, honor

c. dignus - v/orthy, deserving

d. digitus - a finger

e. indago - to investigate, search into

f . perdagatus - explored

g. index - a pointer, indicator

h. indicare - point out, disclose

i. indicium - a notice, inf ornation j • iudex - a judge

k. dicis - for the sake of judicial form

1. discere (dicscere ) - to learn

iti. disciplina - instnuction, teaching

n. discipulus(DIK--root of PUER) - a scholar, pupil

o. docere - teach, instruct, inform

p. doctrina - teaching, instruction

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Tag - day, daylight

b. zunden - to taJ-:e fire, kindle, if:nite

c. zeichen - to mark, represent

d. zeigen - to show, point-

e. verzeihen - to forgive, pardon

18

XIII. D/iRCTisjf)

1. Origin: 'TR' are consonants denoting penetration, friction, 2« Meaning : to tear, rend, rive

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, delere - to destroy, annihilate (4d)

b, delubriim - sanctuary, shrine

c, derbiosus - scabby

d, dolabra - an a:x:e

e, dolahella - a small axe

f, dolare - shape, roimd, hev/

g, doliurn - earthen jar

h, dolere - to feel pain, suffer

i, dolor - grief, pain j. dolus - snare, deceit

k, dorsum (- the back (neck)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. vorzehren - to consuir.e, eat up

b. zehren - waste, evaporate

c. verzerren - distort, tv/ist

d. zerren - tear (3a)

19

XIV. Dim

1. Origin: 'DU' denote current of breath inhaled in smelling or

exhaled in a vai^or,

2. Meaning: to sacrifice, smoke

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. Faunus - a mythical king of Latium, v/or shipped as the

Italian Pan,

b. faustus - of favorable omen, auspicious

c. faveo - to he favorable, well disposed

d. favilla - hot ashes, the ashes of the dead

e. fetidus - of an ill smell, fetid

f . fetor - a bad smell, stench

g. fimus - dung, ordure

h. foedus - rotten, foul

i. f omentum - poultice, fomentation j. femes - kindljmg wood, tinder

k, foveo - to warm, keep warm

1. fuligo - soot

m# funius - smiOke, vapor (4c)

n, funus - funeral rites, usually with reference to the burning of the body,

o.suffio - to fuFiigate, to offer incense

p. suffimen - incense

German Root-Derivatives:

a. duinm - dull, stupid

b. taub - torpid, numb

c. Dunst - vapor, fume (3m.)

d. dur.ipf - damp, moist

e. toll - mad, frantic

20

XV. FLA or FLO

1, Origin: 'FL' denote a swelling.

2, I.Ieaning: to streaiv: forth

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. flo - to blow (4c)

b. flamen - a blowing, blast

c. fla&ra - blasts, breezes, v;inas

d. flatus - a blov/ing, breathing

e. flebilis - lamentable

f. fleo - weep

g. fletus - weeping, wailing'

h. floreo - to bloom, blossom (4d)

i. flos - a blossom, flower (4e) j. folium - a leaf (gh)

k. follis - a pair of bellows

1. floccus V- a lock, flock

ra. ciniflo - a hair-curler

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. blahen - to inflate, sv/ell

b. Blase - bubble, blister

c. blasen - to blov/(3a)

d. bliihen - to bloom, blossom(3h)

e. Blume - flower, blossom(3i)

f. Elut - blood, juice (of plants)

g. Bliite - blossom, bud, bloom

h. Blatt - leaf(oj)

21

XVI. GA or GAMdC.YM:)

1. Origin: 'Gii* denotes motion,

2# luoaninn;: to come, go, walk

3» Latin Root-Derivatives: a, betere- to go

"b. arbiter ( ad-bi-ter) - one that goes to something in order to see or hear it; hence, a spectator, a witness

c. baculun - a stick, staff, as a support in v;alking

d. venire - to come (4b)

e. contio ( con--ventio) - a meeting

f. vado - to go hastily or rapidly(4d)

$, German Root-Derivatives:

a, be quern - arrival hom.e , therefore, comfortable

b, komjnen - to cone (3d)

c, gehen - to go, proceed

d, waten - to v/ade(3f)

XVII. GAN(Ki\N)

!• Origin: »KK' are consonants or production and. grov/th, 2, Meaning: to produce, cause to germinate

5, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. "benignus - of a good nature

b. mtaignus - of a bad nature

c. privignus (privus — gigno) - a step-son or daughter

d. gener - son-in-law

e. genialis - belonging to generation or birth

f. genitor - parent, creator

g. genius - the tutelar deity or genius of a person

h. genuinus - innate, natur'al

i. gens - a race or clan

j. ingens - that goes beyond its kind, enormous k. genus - birth, descent, origin 1, gignere - to beget, bear m. indiges - native born

n. ingenuus - of legitimate wife, native, indigenous o, naevus ( gnaevus ) - birthmark, raole p. nascor (gnascor) - to De born q. natio - a being born, birth

3Pv iieitura - natural constitution of a thing

s, praegnans - with child, pregnant

t, gerjna - a bud, eye, or gem on a pi ant (4b)

23

XVII. GAN(M)

i. German Root-Derivatives:

a. beginnen - to begin

b. Xeim - germ, bud, shoot (3t)

c. keiraen - to germinate, sprout, forth

d. ICind - child

e. Konig - king

24

XVIII. GAlKi^AIT)

1. Origin: 'Gi:' are consonants denoting breath of life

representing the spirit of man.

2. Lleaning: to know, recognize

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. gnarus - skilful, knowing a thing (4b)

b. ignorare(in — gnorare) - to have no laiov/ledge of

c. noscere (gnoscere) - to get a knowledge of (4a)

d. nobilis - that can be known or is known norma (gn or ma) - a rule, pattern, precept

f. gnavus - diligent, assiduous

g. navare - to perform a thing v/ith zeal

h. narrare - to tell, relate

i. nota - a m.ark, sign

j. notio - an exa!ranation, investigation k. notus - known

4. German Root-Der^ivatives :

a. kennen - to know, to have cognizance of (3c)

b. Xenner - knower, connoisseur ( 5a)

c. Kenntnis - knowledge

d. konnen - to Imow, to be aole

i

/

XIX. GKAR(GAR)

Origin: 'I^Ti' are the consonants of enclo I.^eaning: to seize, grasp, hold, contain

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. cohors - division of a army

b. haereo - to adhere to

c. hirudo - a leech, "blood-sucker

d. hara - a pen or coop for animals e« horreum - a storehouse, granary

f . hirnea - a jug

g. hortus - a garden (4a)

h. ir(hir) - a hand

i. horia - a fishing- smack

j, herediur.i - an hereditary estate k, heres - an heir

German Koot-Derivatives :

a, Garten - a garden (3g)

b. giirten - to gird, girdle

1%

26

XX. Gi-v(Kiv:)

1. Origin: are consonants denoting intrinsic force.

2. I^eaning: to live

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. victima(emo) - (ransom of life), atonement, sacrifice

b. victricus - (conceding life), stepfather

c. victus - (manner of life), food, sustenance

d. vita - life

e. vivere - to live

f. vividus - living, animated

g. vivisco - to become active, spring forth

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. er quicken - to revive, refresh

b. quick - lively, brisk

XXI. GUS(KUS)

Origin: 'KUi' denotes a tasting v/ith the tonf^^e* I'eaninp;: to choose, taste

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. degnnere (degustare ) - make one^s self acquainted v/ith

b. gustare - to taste (4a)

c. gustus - a partaking of anything

d. garmn - a rich sauce

German Root-Derivatives:

a. kosten(3b) - to taste, tryCSb)

b. Zukost - seasoning, condiraent

c. kussen - to kiss, touch lightly

d. erkieren - to choose, elect

e. kiesen - to select, choose

28

XXII. KAD(IiiiT)

1, Origin: 'KT' are consonaiits denoting relaxation, stillness,

decline .

2, i'eaning: to fall, go av/ay

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. arcessire - to sLum.on, fetch

b. bucetura - cow-pasture

c. cicatrix - scar, v/eal

d. busticeti!^ •? a place v/here dead bodies v/ere burned

e. cadere - to fall down, be precipitated

f. cadaver - a corpse, carcass

g. catax - limping, lame

h. cddere - to go from, withdraw

i. cesso - to stand back, to cease from j. incessere - to fall upon, assault

k, incudo - to forge v/lth the har.mier 1. incus-incudis - anvil

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Ilass - hatred, enmity

b. hassen - to hate, detest

c. hetsen - to hunt, run after, set on

d. Hitze - heat, ardor, rut

e. schiessen - to shoot, dart

€

XXIII. KAL(IIAL)

Orip;in: 'ILL' are consonants denoting sound. Meaning: to rollthe voice, repeat, count, sound

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. calo - to call out, proclalm(4b) (4i)

b. concilium - an association, asseri'bl7(4f )

c. Calendae - the day when the order of days v/as proclairaed,

the Calends,

d. calumniari - to accuse falsely e» clamor - a call, shout

f , clangor - sound, clang

g. lamen turn (clajnen turn) - a v/ailing, moaning

h. nomenclator - one who calls a person or thing by name

i, classis - a class (a d.ivision of the assembled people by

Servius Tullius ) •

j. clarus - clear, bright (4e) k. cornix - a crow 1. corvus a a raven

German Root-Derivatives:

a. Hall - soujid, resonance

b, hallen - to sound resound, clang (3a) c« hell - clear, distinct, ringing

d. holer. - to fetch, catch

e, klar - clear, easy to be ujiderstood(3j) (borrowed)

f. Konlclave - conclave (3b) (borrov/ed)

g, laden - to invite, summon

I

30

XXIII. ICi^L(IIAL)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

h. Scliall - sound, ring, peal 1. scliallen - to sound, re sound (5a) j. Schelle - a little bell, manacle k. schellen - to ring, ring the bell !• schelten - to reproach, to call, to nickname

33

XXIV. mi(iLu:)

1. Origin: 'IGl' are consonants denoting cavity und flexirre.

2. Lleaning: to bend,

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. cama - a snail bed near the ground

b. camella - a v/ine goblet

c. camera - a vault, arch(4g)

d. Camilla - a circling breeze

e. camillum - a cavity (in architecture)

f . camlllu§ - acolyte, noble child

g. caminus - a fiirnace, forge (4f)

h. campus - a river-bend (where floods prevent forest grov/th,

whence Campania and Capua) .

i. camurus - crooked, turned inv/ards j, caperare - to contract, wrinlcle k. caprago - a plant

1. c ombre turn - a kind of rush

ra. cubitum - the elbow

n. cube - to recline

o. cumulus - round heap

p. cumera - a cliest, box, basket

q. cupa - a tub, cask

4. Crorman Root-Derivatives:

a. Hamme - hind-leg

b. Haraen - draw-net

XXIV. i:ah(hai,i)

German Root-Derivatives:

c. heinmen - to check, stop

d. Hiinmel - heavens, canopy

e. Hiifte - hip, haunch

f. Kamin - chimney, fireside (3g) ( borrowed)

g. Kammer - bedroom, chamber (3c) (borrowed)

:{XV. KAP(IiAF)

Origin: 'KP' are consonantG denoting enclosure; fitness for holding ir,;plies a sense or enclosure.

Leaning: to contain, hold, seize, grasp

Latin Hoot-Derivatives:

a. an — ceps(amhiceps) - two-headed, doubtful

b. au — oeps (avls-Qfipio) - a bird-catcher

c. mimiceps (munia-capio ) - a citizen

d. particeps (pars-capio) - a participant e» princeps (primus-caplo) - the first man

f. nanceps (manus-capio ) - a renter, farrner, contractor

g. caper e - take, seize

h. captare - strive to seize

i. capa:c - that can contain or hold nvLch j, recupere - to get or obtain again

k. capidulvun - a kind of head-covering 1. capillus - the hair of the head m. capitiurn - a covering for the head

n. capronae (caput -pr onus) - the hair of the head of men and animals hanging down upon the forehead,

o, caput - the head (4f )

p. capedo - a bov/1 or cup used in sacrifices

q. capula - a srr.all bowl with handles

r. capulus - a tomb

s, cippus - a tombstone

t. caupo - a huckster (4k)

34

XXV. iJlP(HAF)

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

u, cepa(caepa) - onion V. cibus - food

w. copa - a female tavern-keeper

X. cupa - the handle of an oil-mill (4>^)

y. cuspis - a point, spear, lance

z. capys - a hav/k{4c)

A. caupulus - a kind of small ship

B. capistriira - a muzzle

C. Capitoli-um - Temple of Jupiter

D. caper - a goat

E. habena - a thong, strap

F. hamus - a hook

G. habeo - to have, hold(4a)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. haben - to have, hold(3G0)

b. Hafen - haven, port, harbor

c. Habicht - a ha\7k(3z)

d. haften - to cling to, cleave, adhere to

e. Hand - the hand

f • Haupt - head, leader (3o)

g. heben - lift, raise, heave

h. Heft - haft, handle, hilt(3x)

i» Hof - yard, farm

j. hof fen - to hope, expect

k, kaufen - to buy{3t) (borrowed)

35

aXVI. KAii or I0U:.(I1AL)

1. Origin: 'FJi' and 'IX' are the consonants of up/rrov/th, outgrovrth.

2. Lleaning: to project, stand up, hurl, move, swing.

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. calaiuud - a reed, cane

h. colujnen(culmen) - top, surnr.iit

c. culmus - a stalk, stem

d. colmma - a column, pillar

e. callere - to he callous

f . calluri - the hardened thick skin upon animal bodies

g. colli s - high ground, a hill(4e)

h. callis - a mountain-pass

i. Calpurnius - a Roman nam.e

j. Exquiliae - the largest ol' the seven hills of Rome with

several separate heights.

k. calx - a heel

1. celer - swift, fleet

m. celox - swift, cutter, yacht

n. recellere - to spring back

o. celsus - high, lofty

p. procerus - high, tall, long

q. cerebrum - the brain

r. cervix - a head- joint

s. clava - a staff, club

t. colus - a distaff

u. Clemens - calm, mild (4c)

3G

XXVI. ICAR or IlALdLiE)

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

V. colere - to cultivate

V/. colonus - tiller or the soil

X. incola - a resident

y. inquilimis ( incolinus ) - a sojourner

z. procella - a storri, hurricane

H* querquerus - shivering

B# crinis - hair, the hair of the head.

6. crista - tuft, comh, crest (4g)

D. coluber - a serpent, snal<:e

E. cur r ere - to run(4h) P. currus - a chariot

G. scurra - an elogant debauchee, buffoon

4. Crernan Root-Derivatives:

a. Holm - hillock, rail

b. Helper - small hillock

c. hold - favorable (3u)

d. heilig - holy, godly, sacred

e. Hiigel - knoll, hill(3g)

f. erholen - restore, rest, unbend

g. Holle - comb, wattle, crest (SCf);

h. Ross - a horse (3E)

37

X}[VII. lCSL(H/iL)

1. Ori.^in: 'KI, ' are the consonants of enclosure. 2* I.leanlng: to hide, cover

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. G-classis - a timic

b. calautica - a covering for the head of women

c. caliendrum - a head-dress worn "by Roman women

d. cticullLis - a covering, cap, hood

e. ancile - a small oval shield

f . clihanarius - a soldier clad in mail

g. clipeus - a shield, protection

h. clacendix - a hind of shell-fish

i. cochlea - a snail j. celare - to conceal

k. cella - a store-room, cham.oer

1. domic ilium - dwelling, domicile

m. claudo - to shut, close (4d)

n. claustrum - a loch, bar, bolt

o# iilaudus - lame

p. calix - cup, goblet (4h)

q. calim(clam) - secretly, privately

r. clanculumC reduplication of 'clam') - secretly, privately

s. clepo - to steal

t. color - color, hue

u, occulere - to cover over

38

XXVII. i:el iiud.)

5» Latin Root-Derivatives: V. ciliLim - an eyelid V/. clavis - a key X, clavus - a nail y. caiceus - a shoe, a half -boot

z. caliga - a shoe of leather, especially that worn hy the Roman soldiers.

A. caligo - mist, vapor

B. calces - leaden "bottles

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. hehlen - to conceal

b. riolle - hell, infernal regions

c. hullen - to wrap up, hide, envelope

d. schliessen - shut, close, locl<:(3m)

e. Schloss - a castle

f . Halle - a hall, public room

g. halt en - to keep back, contain

h. Kelch - cup, go Diet (5p) ( borrowed)

3S

JCTvTIII. KI(III)

1. Origin: 'KI' denotes relaxation, decline.

2. I.Ieaning; to lie down, repose

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. ciraex - a bedbug

b. civis - a citizen

c. lieri - yesterday

d. hesternus - or yesterday(4a)

e. quies - rest, repose

f. quiesco - to rest, be inactive

g. tranquillus - quiet, calm

4. Geman Root-Derivatives:

a. gestern - yesterdayCSd)

b. Ileide - heath, heathen

c. heim - home, homeward

4

XXIX. LAGII(LAG)

1. Origin: 'DI' denote relaxation.

2, Lleaning: to lie clovm

5. Latin l;oot-Derivatives :

a. lectica - a litter, sedan

b. lectus - a couch, bed (41))

c. legare - to despatch, depute

d. lex - a bill, law

e. privilegiurn(privus-lex) - a bill or lav; in favor of or

against an individual,

f . suspellex - goods, furniture

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. Lage - site, position

b. Lager - couch, bed (3b)

c. legen - to lay, put, place

d. liegen - to lie, be recumbent

e. liigen - (set an ambush), deceive, lie

41

XXX. LIK(LIH)

1. Orip;in: 'IJC denote relaxation, softness of liquid.

2. Meaning: to leave, grant, lend

5. Latin Rooy-Derlvatives :

a. colliciae - ^-utters, drains

b. luxus - extravagance

c. licere - to be for sale, to be valued J^d)

d. liceri - to bid at auction

e. pollicrei - to hold forth, offer, promise

f. licet - itis lawful (relaxation of restraint)

g. lixo - to boil

h. elixus - boiled, seethed

i. lixivus - made into 17/e j. lixa(li^':a) - a sutler

k. li" qtter-g - to leave, depart

1. relinquere - to leave behind

m. reliquuin - residue, rest

n. pollucere - to offer up as sacrifice

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Darlehen - a loan

b. darleihen - to lend out

c. Lehen - fee, feudal tenure

d. leihen - to lend, borrov/(5(j)

e. verleihen - to lend out, grant

f. gleich(geleich) - equivalent, proportionate

r

42

XXXI. LU

1, Origin: 'LU' denote relaxation.

'3' — 'LU' denote removal.

2. Leaning: to cut off, separate, loosen

5. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a • luere - to loose, let go (4c)

b. re--luere - to redeem, take out of pavm

c. lues - a plague, pestilence

d. solvere (se — luere) - to release, set free

e. solutus - unfettered

4. German Root-Derivatives: a^ Laus - a louse t). los - loose, slack, released

c. losen - to loosen, untie(3a)

d. verl44ren - to lose

»

43

XXXII. LUBIi(LUB) or LIBIT

1. Origin: 'LP' rlenote force of life; force of life exalted

in desire or pleasure.

2. Meaning: to desire, love

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. liber - free, frank

b. liberare - to nal:e or set free

c. libet - it is pleasing(4b)

d. libertas - the state or condition of a free man

e. libido - pleasure, -desire

f • prolubiiim - will, desire, inclination

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Leben - to be alive, live

b. lieben - to love, cherish(5c)

c. loben - to arjprove, praise

d. Gelubde - a vow

e. glauben - to believe, trust

f . Verlaub - permission, leave

g. Urlaub - leave of absence, furlough

44

7JGaiI.LUK(LUIi)

1. Origin: 'LlTi:^ denote licht.

2. Meaning: to shine, be bright

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. diluculuin - dav/n, daybreak

b, illustris ( illiixtris ) - clear, bright

c, lucellmn - a small gain

d, liicruti - gain, profit (4e)

e. lucere - to be light, to shine (4e)

f . Ivjx - light (4c) g« lucerna - a lamp h. lucidus - clear, shining ii lucubrare - to v/otk by lamp-light j. lucus - a wood, grove, clearing(4r) k. lumen (lucinen) - light 1. luna(lucna) - the moon m. luscus - one-eyed

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Licht - light, bright

b. leuchten - to shine, emit light

c. Lohe - blaze, flame (3f)

d. lohen - to blaze or flare '^'P{oe)

e. Lohn - reward, recompenee (5(3^)

f. Llchtung - a clearing(3j)

I

45

XXXIV. LIA or I.'IAD(l.iiVT)

1. Origin: and 'I.:T' are consonants of coincidence.

2. Lleaning: to mGasirre, shape, conpare

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, rnanuQ - a hand (041")

h, adninic Ilium - prop, stay, support, ( that on which the hand

nay rest) •

c. amuscis - a rule or level

d. raensis - a month(4e)

e. mensura - a measuring

f . me tare - to ineasure

g. metier - to measure, mete

h. messis - a harvest

i. me to - to reap, raovi

j, imm.anis - enormous, immense k. nirais - beyond measure

1. commodus - that has a due or proper measure

m. modero - to moderate, regulate

n. modestus - keeping due measure

0. modius - the Roman corn measure

p. modus - a measure (due m.easure)

q. mane - the m.orning, m.orn

r. matutinus - belonging to the morning

s. m.ensa - a table

t. m.eta - siny mark at a boundary or limit u. modeipnus - modern

0

46

XXXIV. MA or i,IAD(lv!AT)

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

V, mos - manner, custom w, materia - stuff, matter X. maturus - ripe, mature

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a, Llass - measure, moderation

b, iriessen - to measure, compare

c, Ivlesser - a Imife

d, Miete - mite, rent

e, LConat - month (3d)

f, Mund - mouth, 6rifice(3a)

g, Mond - moon, satellite

m

0

47

XXXV. LIAIv or IvIAGH or I.IAC-(l.JiG or I.iAK)

!• Origin: 'IIIv* are consonants or growth,

2. Meaning: to have power, be great, strong or aole

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a# iTiactus - glorified, honored

b, magis - more

c, magister - the master, chief, head(4e)

d, raagnus - great, large

e, majestas - greatness, grandeur

f , malus - an upright mast, pole

g, mango - a dealer, monger (in slaves or wares to v/hich he

tries to give an appearance of greater value by adorning them.)

h, moles (raogles) - huge bulk

i, molestus - troublesome j, mox - soon, directly

4. German Root - Derivatives:

a* machen - to make, create, cause

b. Lladchen - girl, maiden

c. I.Iagd - maid, virgin

d. Menge - great quantity or num.ber

e. Meister - master, chief (3c)

f • mogen - to be willing, to like

g# Ivluhe - trouble, pains

h« imihen - to trouble, grieve

1. bemuhen - to make an effort

0

XXXVI. LIAII or HADH

!• Origin: 'I.n:» are consonants representing the "breath of life

in the nostrils and the being and action of the spirit of man.

2. I.Ieaning: to thlnl:, learn, heal

3» Latin Root-Derivatives

a, amoenus - pleasant, charming

conmientor - to consider thoroughly coTmmmico - to impart, communicate manere - to stay, remain mas - a male (4b) ma trimoniuxi- wedlock mederi - to heal, cure raeditari - to think or reflect upon memini - to remember, recollect mens - mind, heart, soul mentio - a calling to mind, mention

mentiri - originally, meaning to invent, hence, lie, cheat metus - fear

mend ax - mendacious, a liar Llinerva - Goddess of wisdom monere - to remind, admonish, exhort (4a) monstrare - rshow, advise mens t rum - v/arning, prodigy munus - service, duty, function

1

0

XXXVI. LIAII or I.iADH

German Root-Derivatives

a. mahnen — remind, admonish, e:diort(

b. Mann - man, ma le(3e)

c. meinen - thinly, suppose

d. ilensch human being, man, person

•

XXXVII. LLAR or IvIiiL

Origin: 'LIR' a re consonants of relaxation, weakness 'LIL* are consonants of relaxation, softness

Meaning: to grind, rub, kill, die, to raake dirty

Latin Koot-Derivatives :

a, raalevolus - envious, spiteful

b. malignus - of an evil nature or disposition c« malitia - ill-will, malice

d. malus - evil, wicked

e» malleus - a hanimer, mallet

f • martulus - a small hammer

g. marc ere - to wither, droop

h» mare - the s ea(4d)

!• milium - millet

j» mola - a millstone

k# molo - to grind in a mill

1. mollis - pliant, flexible (4f)

m. multicius - soft, transparent

n. morio - an arrant fool

o. raorus - a fool

p, mori - to die

q« mors - death

r. mortalis - subject to death

s, morbus - a sickness, disease

t, emolumentum - effort, exertion, labor

51

XXXVII. lIATi or I'-AL

3. Latin :-:oot-Derivatives .

u. imnolare - to offer, to sacrifice, inunolate

V. macula (malocula) - a spot, mark, stain

V/. moleraoniuin - a plant that promotes vomiting

X, mel - honey

y, mortarium - a mortar

z. Kars - the god of V/ar

A. malva - raallows

B« murcidus - s lothful

C. murcus - a cov/ard, who to escape military service

cuts off his thumb •

D. murgiso - a crafty advocate

S, remeligo 4fem) - delayer, hinderer

F. mulier - a v/oman, a fem.ale

G. murex - the purple-fish

4, G-erman Root-Derivatives:

a • Malil ( Llaal ) - meal, repast b. m.ahlen - to grind, mill c« malen - to paint, portray

d. Meer - sea, ocean (oh)

e. Mehl - meal, flour

fm mild - soft, tender (31)

g» Marter - rack, torture, torment

h, Morder - murderer

i. Llord - murder, hom.iclde( 3q) I.Iorser - mortar

k. Ivluhle - m.ill

XXXVII. MAR or LIAL

4, German Root-Derivatives: 1» I.Iuller - railler m, LIutterriial - birtlmark, raole(of) n, mlirbe - mellow, tender o, zermalmen - to grind, to powder, crush

f

if

XJOCVI 1 1 . IvL-\R G ( M^LK )

!• Origin: •IvIT:* arc consonants of friction, roughness 'tX' are consonants of penetration

2, I.Ieanlng: to rub gently, v/ipe, stroke, milk

3» Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, mergus - a diver(a kind of water-f ov/1) (4a)

b, merge - to dip in, irjnerse

c, nuloto(mulco) - to maltreat, injure

d, multa(mulcta) - a fine, mulct

e, mulctrum - a milking-pail

f, mulgere - to milk (4b)

g, mulsa - a term, of endearment , -my sweetheart, m.y honey h# m.ergae - a two-pronged pitchfork

i. merges - a sheaf

j. marra - a v;eeding-hook

k, amurca - the v;atery part that flows out in pressing olives

1, margo - an edge, brinlc, border

m, Ilercurius - I.Iercury

n, m.ulceo - soothe, stroke

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a, I.Iark - m.arrow, pulp (3a)

b» melken - to milk, drain (3f)

c» I.Iilch - milk, milt

d. merken - to nark, note, observe

e, ilorgen - tomorrow

XXXIX. NAI;I

1. Ori(;in: 'IJLi' are the consonants of part5.tD.on

2. Meaning: to allot, count out, portion out

3. Latin ■ .oot-Derivatives :

a. ne3"us - a grove

b. Numa - a Roman name

c. nuraero - to count, recl^on

d. nuinerus - a number (4c)

e. numinus - a piece of money, coin

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. angenelim - pleasant

b. nehmen - to take

c. Nummer - nui^-lp r ( od )

9

XL. PA (FA)

Origin: 'P' is the consonant of growth, production, increase

Lleaning: to feed, noLirish, protect

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. compos - having pov/er over impos - v/ithout power over posse (potis - smn) - to be able potis - able, capable

ipse (is - potis) - he, the master himself

pollere (potis - valeo) - to be strong, powerful

hospes (hostis — PA) - he who entertains a stranger,

a host#

sospes (Greek saos - PA) - saviour, deliverer pabulum - food, nourishjnent panis - bread, a loaf pascere - to feed, pasture pater - a father (4c) patro - produce, effect Penates - a storehouse or inner chamber penetrare - to enter, penetrate penitus - inward, interior penus - victuals Palatiuni - one of the seven hills of P^ome possideo - be master of, possess

I

I

9

yX. PA(FA)

German Root-Derivatives:

a, Futter - fodder, provender

b, fiittern - to feed

c, Vater - father (51)

XLI. PAD

Origin: 'PD* denote pressure do\Yn , impact

Meaning: to step, fall

Latin i.oot-Derivatives :

a, expedire - to free the feet, extricate b« impedire(in - pes) - hamper, hinder

c. pes - a foot(4c)

d, tripudiim( ter - pes) - a leaping, jmnping, dance e« pedule "• a sole

f, petiolus (pediolus) - a little foot, little leg

g, pedica - a shackle, fetter, for the foot (4b)

h, pediculus - the foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or le

i, pessuir. - to the ground, dov/n, (toward the feet) j, oppidum - a to\m

k, petigo - a scab, itch

1. podex - the fundament, anus

m. pecco (pedico) - to offend, sin, err

German Root-Derivatives:

a. Feld - field, plain

b. Fessel - fetter, chainj^Sg) c« Fuss - foot, footing (3c) d. Pass - pace, amble, ^^ss e« Pfote - pav/

f. patschen - to paddle, to patter doTm (of rain), splash

I*

XLII. Pi\K(FAn or FA^t)

Origin: 'P' denotes apposition of correspondents. 'K' denotes adherence.

Meaning: to bind, fasten, fix, hold fast

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. pacisci - to covenant, agree(4f) h, pactio - an agreeing, covenanting c» pax - a treaty, peace

d. pages - a structiire, frame

e. paxillus - a small stake, a peg

f . pangere - to fasten, raake fast

g. pecus - cattle, a herd

h. pecu - cattle (4h)

i» peculiim - property, in cattle

j, pecimia - property?", riches

k, pagina - a v/rltten page or leaf, tablet

1, pagus - a place with fixed boundaries, hence, a district, canton

in. pala(pagla) - a spade

n. pila(pigla) - pillar

o, propago - to set or fasten dovm, a sprout

p. pugil - a boxer, pugilist

q, pugna - a battle

r. pugnus - a fist (4c)

s. pignus - a pledge, security

t. pignero - to give as a pledge

XLIII. PiiL or PAR(FAI.)

Origin: 'PL' denotes pressure up, outward, forv/ard, dovm. Meaning: to fill, nourish, prepare

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, anplus - filled up, full

b, plenus - full, filled

c, plere - to fill, to fulfill (4b) d# plus - more

e. locuplcs (locus-plenes) - rich in lands, opulent f* manipulus (manus-pleo) - a handful, bimdle

g. plebes - the common people

h, populus - the people

!• publicus - belonging to the people j. pars - a part, portion k, portio - share, portion 1, parare - prepare, provide

m. vituperare (vltluri-paro) - to accuse of a fault, blame

n. pallia - robe, mantle

o, pallium - a coverlet

p, pellis - a felt, pelt(4a)

q. opiparus - richly furnished

r, polenta - pearl-barley, porridge, (filling)

s. im.perare - to command, order

t, pauper - poor

u, parere - to bring forth

60

XLIII. PiiL or PiJv (FiUL)

3p Latin Root-Derivatives:

v« pelvis - a "basin, laver v/« pulmo - a Ivmg

X. repsrire - originally, to prociJLre again, hence, to find, neot v/ith.

y, sirapul'um - a small ladle

:iz» supplementiun - (a filling up, supply)

4. German Root-Derivatives;

a. Fell - skin, hide, fur (3p)

b. fullen - to fill, to fill up, :5c)

c. voll - full, filled

d. viol - much

e. Volk - people, nation

61

XLIV. PAR (FAR)

1. Origin: '?R* are consonants denotinfj; a breaking forth, forr/ard. 2. Meaning: to fare, advance, travel, go thru, experience

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. niiper( novum- PAR) - recently

b. semper (seme It PAR) - at all times

c. porta - a city-gate, entrance

d. portus - an entrance, hence, a harbor port

e. porticus - colonnade

f. prae - before

g. praeter - beyond

h. pro - before (41)

i. porro - forv/ard, onv/ard

j. premo - to press, push forward

k, primus - first

!• prior - former, previous

m. priscus - old, ancient,

n. procer - a chief, noble

0. prodius - farther, omvards

p. pronus - turned forward

q. experire - put to the test

r. periculum - a trial, experiment (4c)

s. peritus - experienced, practised

t. pretiura - value, price, v^hat passes

u. iDercurrere - to run thru

1

XLIV. PAR (PAR)

Latin Root-Derivatives:

v« perperus - defective, wronr, properly, heedl inconsiderate, hence, faulty.

V/, parina - a shield, target

X, paruuiper - for a short time

y. perendie - day after tomorrov/

z. apportunus - fit, meet, convenient

German Root-Derivatives: a. erfahren - to experience, to learn

h, Pahrde - danger

c. Gefahr - danger, peril (3r)

d. Gefahrde - risk, danger, fraud

e. fahren - to go, travel, proceed f • fern - far, distance, remote

g. Fremder - stranger, foreigner h» frisch - alert, vigorous

i, froinin - honest, excellent

j« vor - "before, because of (5h)

r

63

XLV. P2T (Fi.TH)

1. Origin: 'PT' denotes motion, the breath being passed thru the mutes

and the closure of one of then or both relaxed to i^ive it v/avering or Indirection.

2, !:eaninc: to fall, fly, find, light on

5. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. acci-]6it-er- the coinmon hawk

b. impetus - an attack, assault

c. passus (patsus) - step, stride (4c)

d. pet ere - to fall upon anything

e. penna(petna} - a v/ing f • pons - a bridge

g« praepes - flying sv/iftly h, propitius - favorable, v/ell-disposed

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a# Feder -feather, plume, pen b» finden - to find, light on c. Pfad - path (oc)

XLVI. PAT (PATH)

1. Origin: *?T* denote separation, opening out.

2. Meaning: to spread out, lie flat or open,

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, pandus - bent, crooked, gaping "b. pandere - to unfold, expand

c# pas sun - spread or scattered about, hence, in every direction.

d. passus - open, extended

e. parere - to lie open

f . patibulurn - a fork- shape c. yoke

g. patina - a broad, shallow dish

h« patior - to suffer, endure

i. patulus - standing open, extended

4« German Root-Derivatives:

a. ?aden - thread, fathom

b« Pfanne - pan, caldron

c. Pfanner - proprietor, of salt v/orks

r

65

XL VI I. pl;jc or plag(fl;j:)

1. Origin: 'PL' are consonants of impact

2. Meaning: to bind, fold

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. ainplector - to v/inci or tv/ine around "b, duplex(duo-plico) - tv/o-foid, double c, plap-a - region, quarter d« plangere - to strike, beat

e. plangor - a striking

f. plectere - to plait, braid, interv/eave

g. plicare - to fold(4g) (4h)

h. plaudo - to clap, strike i« sepelio - to bury, inter

j. sepulchrum - tomb, sepulchre

k, simplex - simple, plain (4a)

1, supplicium - a public prayer

m# supplicare - to beg humbly

n, supplex - humbly begging or entreating

o. planta - any vegetable production that serves to propagate the species, a sprout, shoot, twig.

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a, einfach - simple, single (3k)

b# Fache - the breaking of fur or wool v/ith the bow

XL VI I. PL/J: or FLAG (FLAK)

German Root-Derivatives:

c, flach - flat, 'plain, level

d, Flachs - flax

e, Falz - fold, f-urrov;, p-roove

f, Falto - crease, v"rlnl?:le

g, falten - to fold, plait (3g)

h, flechten - to plait, braid, twist (3g)

i, folgen - to follow, attend j, pragen - to seal

0

XLVIII. PL U (FLU)

i. Origin: 'PL* are consonants denoting softness, relaxation, weakness .

2# L:eaning: to fl:', swiia, float, flo-iv

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, perplovere - to rain thru

b, pluit - it rains

c, pluvia - rain

d, plorare - to cry out

e, poples - the harii of the knee, hough f« pluma - a small, soft feather

g, plaustrujn - a v/agon, v/ain

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a, fliegen - fly, rush, flow h, fliehen - flee, hasten:'. away

c. Floh - a flea

d. Flotte - fleet, navy

e. Flut - flood, inundation

68

XLIX. PRAJ'.(FRAH)

1, Origin: »PR' denotes tension of desire, force of life

2, Meaning: to pray, as!:, demand

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, poscere (porscere ) - to ask for urgently postulare - to demand, request

c. precari - to ask, beg(4c)

d. precarius - dependen^r on entreaty

e. prex - a prayer, request, entreaty

f. proco - to ask, demand

g. procus - a v;ooer, suitor h« procax - bold, impudent

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. flehen - to implore, beseech

b. forschen - to inquire, investigate

c. fragen - to ask, inquire (oc) d« froh - glad, joyous

L. RAEII or LABlUlUB or T,AB)

Orircin: '.a3' are the consonants of growth

'LB' denote "i rro ^nJ.':r ^^otion, qu:' cl-' ^oti.on

Teaningj to seize, lay liolo. or, v;ork, be vehement

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a.	albus -	white ( 4b )
v. D .	aroor -	a tree
c .	aroilla	- oil of the body
	arvina -	grease, fat
e •	arDuttis	- the v/ild sfcrav/berry tree
f .	laDiiun -	a iip(4c)
	labriun -	a lip
il.	labor -	toil, exertion
i •	labrusca	- the v/ild -vine
j •	laburniim	- the broad-leaved beantrefoil
	lainbo -	to lick, lap
1.	Imibricus: - an intestino.l v/orm
ni.	liimbiis -	£. loin
n.	lepus -	a hare
0.	lyiiiplio -	•to riake mad
p.	rabere -	to rave, be mad
.q.	rabies -	rage, madness
r ,	rabic.us	- raving, furious
s .	rabuia -	a brawling, v/rangling advocate
t.	rapiB".- -	a turnip, rape
u.	repens -	sudden, hasty

70

L. RABH or LABIi(KABor: LAB)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Arbeit - v/orlc, la'oor, toil

b. Elbe - SI be (River) (3a)

c. Lippe - lip, mortise (of)

d. Loffel - spoon

LI. RAG(RAK)

Origin: 'RK' are consonants of tension Meaning: to stretch out, reach

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, errolere^o) - in consequence of, on account o

b, erigere - to raise or set up

c, erga(erega) - over against, opposite

d, expergiscor (experregiscor ) - to be av/al^ened

e, expergo - to av/aken, rouse up

f, rectus - straight, upright (4c)

g, regere - to guide, direct

h, regie - direction

i, regnuia - kingship, royalty (4h) j, rogare - to ask, question

k. rogus - a funeral pile

1, rex - a ruler, a king

m, rigeo - to stiffen

n, rigidus - inflexible, rigid

o. porrigo (porgo - pro-rego) - reach out, extend p, surge - to raise, erect q, regula - ruler, rule

German Root-Derivatives:

a. ragen(poetical ) - project, stand out

b, rechnen - to ranli, count

LI. RAG(KaK)

German Hoot-Derivatives

c. recht - ri^ht, straigjit ( 3f )

d. Reck - horizontal bar

e. recken - stretch, extend

f . reich - plentiful, rich

g. reichen - to reach

h. Reich - kingdom, realm(oi) i« Richter - judge, magistrate

richtig - right, accurate k. errichten - to erect, raise

I

75

LII. RI or Li

1, Origin: 'HI' and 'LI' aenote friction

2, Meaning: to rim, let flow, pour 3# Latin Koot-Derivatives :

^•9	delere	- to abolj. sh, destroy
b.	delibuere - to besmear, anoint
0 •	lib are	- to pour out in honor
d.	Liber -	an old Italian deity
e .	libtuTi -	a pancake of meal made
f .	limax -	a slug, snail
g«	limns -	mud, m.ire
li •	linea -	a string, f isliing-line
i.	line re	- daub, besmear
j-	lippus	- blear - eyed
li .	liquere	- to be fluid or liqui
1.	liqtli-	melt, dissolve
m.	littera	- a letter
n.	litns -	the sea- shore
0.	ripe -	the banl-c of a stream
p.	ritus -	a religious ceremony
	rivns -	a brook

LII. hi or LI

German Root-Derivatives:

a, lackieren - lacVer, varnish(5k) Id, Leber - liver

c, LeiiT. - adhesive substance, glue

d, lecken - to run, trickle out, li

e, reilDen - to rub, grate, grind

75

LIU. SA

1. Origin: 'SA' denote flajcure, intertextiire

2. Meaning: to be full, sow, strew, s ift

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. sat - enough (4e)

b. sati - sufficient

c. satullo - to satisfy, satiate

d. satur - sated

0, saturo - to fill, glut, clay

f, sata - standing corn, crops (4b)

g, satio - a sov/ing, a planting

h, semen - seed (4c)

1, 3ero(ses-fo) - to sow, plant (4a)

saeculum - race, breed, generation of mankind k. sitis - thirst

1. situla - water-bucket (always dripping) rn, situs - over-moisture, mold n, satira - a satire

o, satura - a dish filled with various kinds of fruits (hodge-podge) .

p. Saturnus - the god of Agriculture

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a, saen - to sow(3i)

b. Saat - sowing, seed, standing corn(5f)

c

e

LIII. SA

4. German Root-Derivatives:

c, Sane - seed, sperm, spa7m(3h)

d, Sanerei - seeds:

e, satt - filled to satiety(3a)

f • Semmel - roll ol' v/heaten flour

g, Sieb - sieve

h, sieben - to sift

i, sieden - to boil

j, gesattip-t - unsatecl, not saturated

6

LIV. SAL

Origin: 'SL' denote irregular motion. Leaning; to go, hasten, flov/, spring forward

Latin Hoot-Derivatives:

a. sal - the salt v/ater, brine, sea (4c)

b. salarinrn - originally, the money given to soldiers for

salt, salt-m.oney, in general, pension, sa^-ar

c. salsamentum - salted, food or sals amen

d. salsugo - saltness, salt water e« salum - the open sea, the main

f. salsaticfund.L. ) - sausage

g. in-sula - an island, isle

h. salire - to leap, spring, salt, sprinkle (4d)

i. saltare - to dance

j. salax - lustful, lecherous, salacious (fond of lea.ping)

k. salebra - a jolting place'. in a road, unevennground

1, saltus - a leap, spring, bound

m. Salii - a college of dancing priests at Rome

n. serum - Y/hey, serum

o. salaputiurn - a humorous appellation for a tiny man,

a manikin

German iioot-Derlvatives :

a. Schv/ellen - to sv/ell, heave

b. Schwulst - swelling, tutrior

c. Salz - salt, wit (3a)

d. salzen - to salt, picjcle(oh)

e. versalzen - to spoil with salt

LV. SAM

Origin: 'SII' expresses jiinction or tv/o, or comprehension on "both sides .

I.ieaning: together, together v/ith

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, semel - once, a single time

b, singuli - one to each, separate, single

c, similii - at the same time, together

d, sinul - at the same time, at once e# ser.ii - half

f, siniilis - lilre, resem-hling

g, santerna - borax or raountaln-green prepared for

soldering gold

h« simulare - to imitate, copy i, semper - alv/ays

j, siniiltas - dissension, enmity (contest)

Germ-an Root-Derivatives:

a. sammelu - gather, collect, a m.ass (of things)

b, sammt(samt) - together with, along with

c, samtlich - o.ll together, collectively

d. versammelTtt - to assem-ble (of people) e# zusamjnen - together, jointly

LVI. 3ED

Orip-in: 'SD' are consonants of relaxation, quietude

Meaning: to sit, set

Latin Root-Derivatives: a« clesGs - indolent, lazy "d. reses - inactive, inert c# sediilus - diligent, industrious

d, sedare - to allay, settle, stay

e, sidere - sit dovm, settle (4f)

f. sedes - a seat, bencli (4b)

g. sedile - a seat, bencli, stool (41))

h. sella (sedla) - a seat, chair

i, solium - a seat

j. sessio - session (4e)

!<:• sodalis - an intimate, coriirade

1, possido (pono-SSDEC) - to take possession of

m, soleo - to "be accustomed

n, con-silium - deliberation, consultation

o, Gx-sul - exile

p. ex-ilium - banishment

Germ.an Root-Derivatives:

a, sesshaft - settled., stationary

b, Sessel - seat, arm-chair (3f) (og)

c, setzen - to place, set

f

LVI. SED

G-erman Root-Derivatives:

d. Sitte - custon, habit, usaf^e

e, Sitz - sitting, seat, residence (3j)

f, sitzen - to sit, remain (3e)

g, Sattel - saddle (borrowed from Celtic)

h. an-siedeln - to settle, colonize

i. Einsiedler - hermit, recluse

LVII. SKAD (SKA.T) SKU

1. Origin: 'KT' denote enclosure, intertextiire

2. Meaning: to cover

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, creper - dusky, dark

Id, crepusculura - twilight, dusk

c. obscurus - dark, obscure

d. cetra - a short Spanish shield

e. scutum - an oblong shield

f. catinus - a bov/1, dish, pot

g. cista - a wooa.en box or basket

h. scutra - a flat tray, dish

i. carabus - a small v/icker-boat covered v/ith raw hide j. coriurn - skin, hide, leather

k# cutis (scutls) - the skin (4f)

1, corylus - a hazel or filbert shrub

m« cracca - a kind of pulse, perhaps v/lld vetch

n, cassis - a helmet

o, crepiculum - a head-dress

p, crepida - a shoe, sandal

q. crepido - pedestal, base

r. excetra - a snake, serpent

s, squama - the scale (of a fish, serpent)

t, casa -hut., cabin, shed (4d)

u. codex - log, roil, scroll

0

82

LVII. SICAD (SI^AT) - SKU

3« Latin Root-Derivatives:

V, castanea - a chestnut-tree v;. castrnrn - castle fort, fortress X. cijistos - a guard, overseer (4p) y. cadus - a jar, jug (4h) (4a) z. carina - the Ireel of a ship

A. Cauda - the tail of animals

B. caurus - the north-v;est v/ind

C. costa - a rib, wall

D. crumena - a small money-purse

E. scutica - a lash, whip

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a, Hut - hat, protection, shelter (3t)

b, Ilaus - house, residence

c, liutte - cottage, tent, tabernacle (5t)

d, huten - to watch, guard

e, Kasten - box, chest (borrowed) (3g)

f, Ilaut - hide, sl^in (5k)

g, Ileer - army, host, multitude

h, Kessel - caldron, boiler (borrowed)

i, Schatten - shadow, shade, shelter j, Schauer - shed, shelter

k, Schauer - shovver (of rain), storm 1, Schanze - bulwark, intrenchment

0^

LVII. SlJ^.D (SICAT) - SKU

German Root-Derivatives:

ra. Schatz - treasure, store n, Schild - shield, buckler o. Schuh - shoe

p, Schutze - guard, Y^atchman (3x) q, schiitzen - to protect, guard r« Ilort - hoard, treasure

LVIII. SIIAP - SKA

Origin: »KP' are consonants or friction I.Ieaning: hew, cut, chop, scratch

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. capus (capo) - a capon

b, scaber - rough, scabrous c# scabies - scurf, itch

d, scabo - scr?.tch (4b)

e, scapha - a skiff (Cf. Eng. cutter)

f, scobis - sav/dust, scrapings

g, scopae - twigs, a brooin

G-errr:an Root-Derivatives: a# kappen - to piece, chop b. schaben - to scrape, scratch (3d) c« schaffen - to create, produce

LIX. Sla^R OR SrJUL

1. Orlrin: denote friction, rou^jh resistance, rough

surface .

2. lleanlng: to shear, cut, cleave, scratch, dig

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. caelo - carve, engrave

b. scalpo - to scratch, engrave

c. scalpeilum - a small Imife

d. scribo - to write, scratch, engrave

e. cerno - to separate, sift, hence, to discern

f. discrimen - an intervening space, separation

g. calvus - "bald (4a)

h. crines - (parted) hair

i. cincinnus - a loci: or curl of hair j. crlDum - a seive, riddle

k. crimen - verdict, judgment

1, carere - to he cut off fron, to lack

m. carpo - to pluck off, cull

n. cortex - Dark, rind, shell, hull (4c)

o, culter - a pi ough^^ share

p. curis - a spear

q. curtus - shortened, broken (4b)

r. carinare - to abuse, revile

s. carrainare - to card

t. carex - reed-grass

u. in-colur;iis - uninjured, safe

86

LIX; 3KAR or SKAL

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

V. scaurus - with large and swollen ankles

w. scortum - a harlot, prostitute

X. scrutor - to poke into, examine (4n)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. kahl - bare, bald, naked (3g)

b. kurz - concise, short (3q)

c. Schale - shell, skin, peel(3n)

d. scharben - to chop, mince, cut

e. scharf - sharp, acute

f. schalen - scale, shell, peel

g. scharren - to scrape, scratch

h. Schere - scissors, shears

i. scheren - shear, clip

j, Scherbe - fragments(of glass, earthenware); scarf (of timber)

k, schielen - have an eye to, tal^e aim, squint

1. schreiten - to stride, step, stalk

m, schiiren - rake(the fire), poke, prod(3x)

n. Scharre - raking, scrapings

LX. SKAW

1. Origin: 'SKW 'denote concavity, enclosure, curvature.

2. Meaning: to look, perceive, see, bev/are of

3. Latin-Derivatives:

a. scio- to know, see (4a)

b. scisco - to seek to knov/, search, inquire

c. scitus - shrewd, wise, acute

d. cur a - carefulness, thought, concern

e. causa - a cause, reason; properly, that which is

defended or protected.

f . cautio - wariness, precaution

g. cavere - to be on one's pniard, beware (4c)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. schauen - to look at, gaze upon, see (3a)

b. scheu - shy, timid scheuen - to fear, shun(3g)

d. schon - beautiful, fine, lovely e • schon - already

88

LXI; SPA or SPAN

1. Origin: 'SP' denote separation, tension of desire, force of life.

2. Meaning: to draw out, extend, increase

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. prosper - favorable, fortunate

b. pannus - a cloth, garment

c. sapinus - a kind of fir or pine-tree

d. spatim - room, space

e. specus - cavity, chasm, den

f . speleum - a cave, den

g. spelunca - a cavern

h. spelta - spelt

i. spes - the expectation of something desired, hope j. spondee - to promise solemnly, pledge

k, studere - to stive after, pursue

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. spalten - to split, slit

b. Spann - instep

c. Span - split, disagreem.ent

d. spannen - to span, strain, stretch

e. Spindel ( Spille ) - spindle

f. Spinne - spider

g. spinnen - to spin

h. Gespenst - specter, apparition

i. widerspenstig - refractory, unruly

j, Fahne - flag, troop, squadr6n, press-slip ( typographical)

I

39

LXII. SPAR or SPAL

1. Origin: 'PR' or 'PL' denote separation or the means of separation

2. Meaning: to quiver, jerk, struggle, kick, fling, flutter, part

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. spolium - skin o:' hide of an animal

b. popular! - to destroy, ruin, spoil

c. pale a - chaff

d. palpebra - an eyelid

e. palpito - to pant, throb

f. palpo - to stroke

g. palpus - the soft palm of the hand

h. papilio - a butterfly, moth

i. pario - to bear J ( quiver, be in labor pang) j. pellere - to strike, knock

k. pila - game of ball (4a)

1, pollis - fine flour

m, populus - the poplar-tree (4c)

n. pulex - a flea

o. pulpitum - scaffold, platform, pulpit p. puis - a thick pottage q. pulvis - dust, powder

r, pulpa - the fleshy portion of animal bodies

s. sparus - a hunting spear (4e)

t» spernere - sever, separate (4g)

u. spurius - spuriuos child (kicked away)

90

LXII. SPAR or SPAL

1. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Ball - ball, r^lobe, sphere (3k)

b. fiihlen - to be sensitive to, to be impressed by

c. Pappel - the poplar ( .3m) (borrovired )

d. Sparren - spar, rafter

e. Speer - lance, spear(3s)

f . Sperre - blockade, obstruction

g. sperren - to stretch out or asunder, to shut, barricade (3t)

h. Spur - trace, track

91

LXIII. STA

1, Ori'-in: 'ST' denote stand, stationary, firm, hard

2, Ivieaning: to stand

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. stare - to stand still(41)

b. statio - a standing (4n)

c. stator - servant, messenger

d. status - mode or way of standing

e. statim - firmly, steadily, on the spot, at once(4h)

f . sterilis - unfruitful, barren

g. stabilis - firm, steadfast

h. stabulum - a standing-place, abode

i. statera - a steel-yard, a balance

j. superstitio - originally, a standing still over a thing,

hence, v/onder, fear

k. sistere - to cause to stand, to place

1. in-stauro - to repeat, renew, restore

m. re-s-stauro - to restore, repair

n, praesto - to stand in front

o, praestolor - to stand ready for, wait for

p. satellis - an attendant upon a distinguished person, especially, a prince

q. stagnura - a piece of standing v/ater, swamp

r. destina - a support, stay

s. stipes - a gift, donation

t. stipula - a stalk, stem(4c)

u. stipa - the coarse part of flax

i

92

LXIII. STA

.3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

V. starjen - v/arp, thread

V/, in-star - sketch, image, reseriblanoe

X, stiria - a frozen drop, icicle

y. st41idus - unjnovable, hence, slow

z. stupere - to be stunned, astonished

A. stultus - foolish, simple

B, stiva - a plough-handle

C, tibia ( stibia) - the large shin-bone, tibia

D. taurus - a bull, ox, steer (4r)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Stab - staff, stick

b. Stamm - stem, trurJc, stalk

c. Stapel - stake, staple, bearri(3t)

d. Stock - stick, cane

e. Stoppel - stubble

f. Stollen - foot (of a bedstead); prop, post

g. Starr - stiff, rigid

h. st'at - fixed, stable, constant(5e)

i. statarisch - standing, progressing slov/ly,

exegetical ( of lectujres)

1. still - still, motionless

k. stolz - proud, arrogant, stately

1, stehen - to stand (3a)

m. stellen - to post, station

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I

LXIII. STA

Crerman Root-Derivatives:

n. Statt - place, stead, lieu(3b)

o. Stellage - stand, position

p. stets - steadily, constantly

q. Stein - stone, rock

r. Stier - bull, stier(3D>

s. Stuhl - seat, chair, stool

94

LXIV. STAG(STAK)

1. Origin: • (S)1?0' are consonants of enclosure.

2. Meaning: to cover, thatch, roof over

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. praetextus - covered, concealed (pretense )

b. stega - the deck of c. shiii(4b)

c. tegere - to cover (4c)

d. tectum - a covering, a roof (4a)

e. teges - a covering, mat

f. teguluiri - a covering, roof, thatch

g. toga - a covering, garment

h. tunica (feognica) - an undergarment of the Romans

i. tuguriurn - a hut, cottage j, tignum - a log, beam

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a, Dach - roof, shelter, cover (3d)

b. Deck - cover, ceiling, roof (3b)

c. decken - to cover, protect (3c)

d. d.ick - big, thick, fat

e, dicht - close (in texture), thick, dense

f , Gedeck - covering, set of table linen

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95

LXV. STAG(STAK, STANG, STAIIK) .

1. Ori.fTln: ' (S)TK' denote contact with adherence.

Secondary root 'TAIv' denotes enduring, squeezing,

2. Meaning: to thrust against, touch, smite, strilco, snell, stink

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. tangere - to touch(4a)

b. taxare - to touch shar]^ly, to feel, handle

c. integer - untouched, unhurt

d. tagax - light-fingered, thievish

e. contactus - touch, contact

f. contagiura - infection, contagionr

g. cont amino - to bring into contact, mingle

h. tingo - to wet, moisten

i. tongeo - to thin^(4b)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Dank - thanl:s, reward(hand-clasp) ( 3a)

b. denken - to think, form an idea of (oi)

c. dunl^en - to seem, look, appear

d. Gedachtnis - memory, rem.em.brance

e. Ding - thing, matter

f . drangen - to press, crowd

g. dringen - to press forward, pierce

h. stinlcen - to stink

LXVI. STAR

1, Oriftin: 'STR' are consonants of friction represented, as a

series of adjacent contacts in strewing,

2, Meaning: to strew, spread out

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. consterno - to cover by strewing

b. indu-Gt±iiis - building within, hence, active, diligent

c . in-strunientuin - an implement of any kind

d. latus(01d Latin stlatus) - broad, wide

e. locus ( " stlocus) - a place, spot

f. stellaC sterula) - a star(4a)

g. sternere - to spread out(4g)

h. store a - a straw-mat, rush-mat (4i)

i. strages - a throv/ing to the ground j, stragulum - rug, carpet

k, stramen - strav , litter (4f)

1. stramentum - that which serves for spreading m.. stratus - a spreading, strewing(4c) n. struere - to place by or upon each other 0. strues - a heap, pile

p. lis(3tlis) - strife, dispute, quarrel (4h) q, struma - a scrofulous tumor r. torus ( s torus) - a knot, bulge

I

c

LXVI. STAR

German Root-Derivatives:

a. Stern - star, v/hite spot(3f)

b. Steiier - rudder, helm

c. Strasse - street, road, thoroughfare (3m)

d. Strecke - distance, road

Qf strecken - to stretch, extend, spread

f. Streu - litter, (bed of straw) (ok)

g. streuen - strew, scatter(3g)

h. streiten - to wrangle, disagree, struggle (

i. Stroh - straw, thatch (oh) Sturm - storm, tumult

i

LXVII. STIG(STIK)

Origin: 'STIl * are consonants of stiff pressure, impact.

Meaning: to stick or pierce^' to sting, prick, assail, ascend, climb

Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. di«.Btingtiere - to separate, divide

b. inter-stin£niere- to separate, mark off

c. in-stinguero - instigate, incite

d. instigare - urge, stimulate, stir up (4b) (4c)

e. stilus( stiglus) - a stake, pale(4i)

f. stimulus ( stigmulus) - goad, spur

g. instinctus - instigation

h. vestigiutn - ( vetus-stigium) - footstep, track

German Root-Derivatives:

a. ersticken - to stifle, sviffocate, smother

b. stechen - to prick, pierce, sting(3d)

c. stecken - to stick, fix(od)

d. Steg - foot-path, narrow path

e. Steig - path, steep or narrow way

f . steigen - to mount, ascend

g. steil - steep, bluff

h. Stich - pricking, puncture, thrust 1. Stichel - style, graving-tool ( 3e)

c

99

LXVIII^ SV/AR

1. Origin: *S"-T?' denote utterance of sound from the throat

over the tongue.

2. Weaning: to murmur, hum, buzz, spealt

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. ab-surdus - out of tune, harsh

b. sorex - a shrew-mo|;se

c. susurro - a whisperer, tale-bearer

d. susurrus - a humming, murmuring

e. susurro - to huni, buzz(4f)

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Schwarm - swarm, crowd

b. schv/armen - to swarm, fly about

c. schwirren - to whiz, whir, buzz, hum 6.0 schworen - to swear, tal^e an oath

e. Schwur - swearing, oath, vot/

f . surren - to hum, buzz(3e)

g. summen - buzz, hum

100

LXIX. TAII(THAW)

1, Origin: *TT! ' , 'T ' , 'TP ' denote tension, extension of space or tine,

2, Meaning: to stretch

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. os-tendo - to stretch out or spread before one

b. tendere - to stretch, distend (4a)

c. tendicula - a little stretcher

d. tentare - to try the strength of

e . tentoriim - tent

f . tenus - lengthwise, to the end

g. destine - set arrow on string, aim

h. antenna - a sail-;-ard

1, attinae - stones built up like a wall for a boundary marh

j. pristinus - original, primitive

k. protinus - forward, onv;ard

1. portentum - a sign, portent

m, temperies - temperature, Jjenper

n. teinpestas - season, period

o, tenpus - a portion or period of time

p, annotinus - a year old, of last year

q. annus (atnus) - periodical return, year

r. tenor - an uninterrupted course, career

s, taberna - a hut, shed

t. tabula - a ":oard, planl^

u. tabes - dv/indling, consumption

101

LXIX. taiKtha..)

5, Latin Root-Derivatives:

V, tabum - a plague, pestilence

w, taeda *> the pitch pine-tree

x# taediuri - r/eariness

y, talla - a peel or coat of an onion

z. tener - soft, delicate

A. tenuis - thin, rare, fine (4b)

B. tenere - to hold, keep

C. tinea - a gnav/ing v/orm D» tiniaria - a plant

2, tinnio - to ring, tingle, vibrate

titio - fire-brand G, tono to thunder (4d)

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a, delinen - to stretch, extend (31))

b, diinn - thin, fine(oA)

c, dienen - to serve, assist

d, donnern - to thunder (3G) e» Donnerstag - Thursday

f. Thor -(god of thunder in Scandinavian mythology)

•

!

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102

Lx:<:, TAiiS(Tiiia-[S)

!• Orlf^in: ' iR 'ancl. 'TS' are consonants of friction, roughness

2. Ileaning: to "be dry, to thirst

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, terra - land, {ground

b, testa - a piece of tinmed clay

c, testu - an earthen pot

d, testudo - a tortoise-shell

e, torrere (tor sere) - to dry, parch (4c)

f • torrens - biirning, inflamed; also, a mountain stream dr^^ in siimmer

g, torridus - dried up, parched

h, t orris - fire-brand

i, tristis - (v/ithered), grieved, sad

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a, durr - dry, arid, lean (3a)

b. Durst - thirst

c» dursten - to be thirsty(3e)

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lOZ

LXXI. WA

1. Origin: »WA' denotes breath, air expressed softly v/ith spirants,

but more strongly v/iyh mutes pressing or breaking forth.

2. Meaning: to blow, breathe

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. aura - a breath of air b# aer - the air 0. vannus - a fan

d, ventus - v/ind(4d)

e, voveo(vo-veo) - to vow, promise solerimly

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. 'Vehe - drift (of snow)

b. wehen - to blow, v/ave

c. Wetter - weather, air, storm

d. Wind - wind (3d) e» Winter - winter

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104

LXII. \VAG(WAK) - ^VUKTAUK) - V/AKS(WAHS)

1. Origin: 'V.TC are consonants denoting tension of energy,

2. Meaning: to "be strong, vigorous or watchful, v/ake, increase

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, augere - to increase, to nourish

b, auxilium - help, aid

c, augustus - majestic, august

d, vegere - excite, arouse

Op vegetus - vigorous, active

f • vigere - to be lively, vigorous

g. vigil - av/ake, on the vvatch(4a)

h. vigilo - to watch, be wakeful (4c)

i. vix - hardly (with effort)

j. victima - a beast for sacrifice

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a, wach - av/ake, on the alert (3h) b« V/ache - guard, watch

c, wachen - to watch, be awake, to guard (3i)

d, Y/achter - watcliinan

e, Wachs - wax

f • wachsem - to grow, v/ax, increase

3

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105

LXIII. ',VAGH(?/AG)

1. Origin: 'V.QC' are consonants denoting pressure of support, effort,

force, density, impact.

2. Meaning: to carry, remove, v/ag

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, vena - a blood-vessel, vein

b, vectigal - a toll, tax, impost

c, vectis - a strong pole or bar, a lever

d, vehere - to bear, carry

e, vehes - a cart-load, v;agon-load

f • vehiculuni - a carriage, conveyance (4d)

g, vexare - to shalce, agitate (4e)

h, vexillurn - a military ensign, banner, flag

i, via - a v/ay, road, path(4f)

4. German Root-DerivativesS^^

a. VlOige " balance, weighing machine

b. v/agen - to weigh, poise

c. wagen - to venture, risk

d. Wagen - vehicle (of)

e. bewegen - to stir, move, shalce(3g)

f. v/eg - v/ay, road, course (3i)

g. Y/iegen - to weigh, move gently

h. Wicht - wight

i. wichtig - v/eighty, important

loe

LXIV. WAI^'.VAH) or '.7AG(V;iJ0

!• Origin: denote free undirected motion expressed by the free

current of breath v;ith its forcible passage in the mute.

2« Meaning: to bend, sv/erve, go crookedly, totter, nod, wink

3« Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, vacillare - to sv/ay to and fro

b, vagor - to stroll about, go to and fro

c, vagtis - rambling, roving

d, vagire - to cry, squall

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a, v/alen - to vacillate (of the magnetic needle) b» Wange - cheek

c« 'Vankelmut - vacillation, inconstancy d, wanken - to stagger, waver, totter, e« V/inlc - wink, nod f • wlnl^en - wink, beckon

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107

LXV. V/AL

1» Origin:'".'!* denote tension of desire or v/ill or expectation breaking forth to its object.

2, Meaning: to choose, to like, to v/ill

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. malo(magis-volo) - to prefer

b. nolo (ne-volo) - to be imv/illing

c. valeo - to be determined, strong

d. valetudo - state of health

e. valor - value

f. vel(velle) - (take irour choice), (as you please)

g. volo - to wish, v/ant(4e)

h. volupe - agreeably, to one's satisfaction

i. voluptas - satisfaction, enjo^rment j • vol unt as - f r ee -v/i 11, cho i c e ( 4b )

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. wahlen - to choose, elect

b. Wille - Y/ill, volition(3i)

c. willen(in ura willen) - for the sake of

d. v;ohl - Y/ell

e. v/ollen - to wish, v;ill(5g)

(I

1

LXVI. '.VAN

1, Origin: ''VN' denote tension of desire, hope, expectation, purpose

tov/ards its objeclJ or reachinp; its object,

2, Meaning: to honor, love, strive, to get, try to v/in

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. bonus(dvi-Fonus) -(duonus) -(bonus) - (twice desirabl^i), good

b. veneo (venwn-eo) - to be sold

c. vendo ( venui'.i- do) - sell, vend

d. venum - sale

e. venerari - to v/orship, adore f • venor - to himt, chase

g, vindex - a claimant, protector

h, venia - complaisance, indulgence

i, venustas - loveliness, charm j. venustus - charming, lovely k. Venus - the goddess of Love 1. vinnulus - delightful, sv/eet

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. gewinnen - to fight, vvin

b. gev/ohnen - to accustom, train, brealc in

c. v/ohnen - to dv/ell, live

d. Wunsch - wish, desire

e. wiinschen - to wish, long for

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100

LXVII. "JAR or '7AL

!• Origin: '".'R* or *Y/L' denote energy which issues in force,

2, Meaning: to cover, surround, protect, guard, be v/ary, observe, see

3# Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, ornare - to equip, prepare

b, revoreor - to regard, respect

c, vallura - a palisade, rarapart{4g)

d, vallus - a stake, peg

e, vellus - ;vool shorn off (41)

f , villosus - hairy, shaggy

g, villus - a tuft of hair

h, verbena (vorvena) - a sacred plant (wreathed) 1. velujn - a cloth covering

j. violo - to treat with violence

k. ulcisci ( volcisct ) - to tal:e vengeance on

1, vis (vires) - stren^tih, forces

m. vervex - a v/ether

n. vereri - to fear, to be afraid

4. German Root-Derivatives :

a. Gev/alt - power, force, authority

b. Gewahr - custody, safe-keeping

c. gewahr (werden) - to perceive, become av;are of

d. wahr (nehjiien) - to perceive, look after

e. wahren - to notice, observe, guard

f . 'J7ehr - defence, protection

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110

LXVII. V/AR or V.'AL

4. Gerrian Root-Derivatives:

g. V/all - rampart, mound (3c)

h. Y/arten - to v/ait , be on the look-out

i. warnen - to v;arn^ caution j. werfen - to throw, cast k. v/ert - worthy, deserving 1. 'Voile - v/ool(.3e)

m, lappen(wlappen) - to wrap

G

Ill

LXVIII. V.'AR or \"AL

1, Origin: ^"JR or 'V,T. ' denote flexure, curvature.

2, Meaninig: to wind, turn, roll; hence to well up, as a spring

3, Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. vertere - to turn(4h)

b. volvere - to roll, turn about (4d)

c. voluto - to roll, turn, twist

d. voltus - face (turning on neck)

0, imltur - a vulture (v/hee ling) f • verrunco - to turn about

g. versatilis - revolving, movable

h. vermis - v/orri{41)

1. vernina - gripings of the belly caused by T/ormsCwr i things) j. alvus (f alvus) - the belly, paunch

k. averrunco - to avert, remove

1. valvae - laeves, folds or valves of a door

m. valvolae - pod, shell

n. volva - a v/rapper, covering

o, vclumen - volume, roll, coil

p. vallis - a valley, vale

q. aero - a v/icker basket

r. viriae - bracelets

s. vibro(vi-vro) - to move rapidly. to and fro, whirl, shake

t, varius - manifold, changing

u, aurea - the bridle of a horse

112

LXVIII. WAR or V7iL

3# Latin Root-Derivatives:

V, vola - the hollow of the hand V/, adulari - to cringe, fav/n(4j)

4, flerraan Root-Derivatives:

a, walken - to mill (cloth) , thre ad ( skins )

b, wallen - to undulate, to move like v/aves

c, Walze - cylinder, roller

d, walzen - to roll, to form into a cylinder (3b)

e, v/alzen - to roll, trundle, revolve f • -v;arts - towards

g. \7elle - v/ave, billow

h. werden - to become, to turn out (3a)

i. Wehl - hollow wrou.ght by sea-water under a dike J. wedeln - to favm, cringe (3w)

k, Y/irbel - rapid rotation, v^hirl

1, 'Ji^urm - worm, vermin (oh)

m. Wurst - sausage, pudding roll

r

Lxix. v:arg(v;ark)

1, Origin: ^\'IR^ denote energy which issues in force.

2. Meaning: to press, v.rp:e , shut in, hend, oppress, irk, tear, rend

5. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a, con-vergere - to come together h, vergere - to bend, turn, incline

c. ruga(vruga) - a crease, v/rinl^le

d. urgere - to force, urge, impel (4d)

e. lupus - a \7olf(4e)

f. urceus - a pitcher, Vi^ater-pot

g. Orcus - that which constrains, confines,- the Lower 'Jorld(Plut6

h. valgus - how- legged

i. urvus - the curve part of aplough; the plough tail v/ith which

the hounds of the city v/ere marked out

j. ulcus - a sore

k, Vergiliae - the constellation of the seven stars that rises

at the end of spring, the Pleiades

l.virga - a tv/ig, sprout, rod

m. vulrus - the great mass, puhlic

4, Geririan Root-Derivatives:

a, Rache - vengeance, revenge

b, rachen - to avenge, revenge

c, rackern - to drudge, toil

d, Werk - work, act, deed (3d)

e, YJolf - v/olf (3e)

f • v/ringen - to twist, wring

c

11^

LX>'i WAS

1, Origin: ''."S' are connonants of enclosure. 2» Meaning: to clothe, put on clothes

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. vestid - clothing, vesture (4b)

b. vestio - to dress, clothe

c. vesica - an^ything made of bladd'^r, purse, football, etc,

d. vasum - a vessel, dish

e. verna(vesna) - domestic slave, a home-born slave f • vernilis - fawning, servile

g. vesper - the evening, eve

h. vespa - a wasp(4a)

i. vespillo - a corpse-bearer

j, vispellio - a class of thieves v/ho robbed corpses of their

grave-clothes

k, vestibulum - entrance, court

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a, V/espe - a v/asp(oh)

b, V.'este(5a)

r

iir

Lxxi. ;yid(":it)

1, Ori^^in: denote mental vision and other r.ild 111-uninations

expressed with the closed vov/el 'I',

2. Iileanin^: to see, observe, knov/

3. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a. e-videns - obvious, clear, evident

b. pruelens (providens) - foreseeing, forelmowing

c. videre - to see, perceive, with the eyes(4d)

d. visere - to viev/, survey

e. visio - sight, vision

f. visus - power of sight

g. vitrurn - glass

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. '.'.'eise - wise man

b. weise - wise, prud*^nt

c. weisen - to show, direct, instruct

d. wissen - to knov;, to be aware of (oc)

e. V/isser - one v/ho knows

f . V/itz - wit, esprit

lie

LXXII. '.VIK

1. Origin: ^V.IC* denote flexure.

2. Ileaning: to bind

3* Latin Roor-Derivatives :

a, viere - to bind or twist together

b, vincire - to bind, fasten (4b)

c, vincul\im - rope, cord, fetter, prisson

d, vinum - v/ines, the vine

e, vitis - a wine, grape-vine

f, vinen - a pliant tv/ig

g, vitex - the chaste tree, Abraham's balm

h, vitta - a sacrificial or sacerdotal fillet

i, vicns - a quarter of a city, a street j • vicinus - neighboring

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a, V/ickel - roll, curl-paper

b, v/ickeln - to roll, twis'Jr(^b)

c, V'inde - reel, v/inder, windlass

d, v/inden - to vdnd, reel, twist

e, Winkel - angle, corner, nook

c

117

LXIII. '.VIK

1, Origin: 'V/K' denote indirection, haste.

2. Meaning: to separate, rer.ove, give v/ay, change, yield

E. Latin r.oot-Derivatives :

a. invitus - against one's v;ill

b. vi t ere (vici tare) - to shun, avoid (4d)

c. vicarius - substituted, vicarious

d. vicis - change, alternation(4a)

e. vicis siin - on the other hand, again, in turn

f. vicissitude - change, vicissitude

g. in-vicera - by turns, one after another

4, German Root-Derivatives:

a. Wechsel - vicissitude, change (od)

b, v/echseln - to change, replace c« weich - tender, smooth, ductile

d. v/eichen - to yeild, give way (3b)

e. Weiche - siding, sv/itch, shunt

f . T^'oche - v/eek

118

LXXIV. YA

1. Origin: 'YA' denotes forcible or undefined motion expressed

by the jet of breath in the free current of the vov/el. (Secondar:/ form from 'I').

2. Meaning: to go

5. Latin Root-Derivatives:

a.	aemulus	- emulating
b.	aeraulare	- to rival
c •	aetas —	the period of life
d.	aevuin -	eternity (4b)
e.	aeternus	- eternal
f .	iacere -	to be throvm or cast, hence.
S*	iacere -	to throw, cast
h.	i anil a -	a house-door
i.	ianus -	an arched passagev/ay
j.	iaculari	- to throw, cast
k.	imitor -	to copy, portray(4f)
1.	imago -	copy, likeness
m.	veredus	- a courier's horse

4. German Root-Derivatives:

a. Adler - eagle

b. ewig - everlasting, eternal (3d)

c. jo - e-'^er, at every time

d. Jahr - year

e. jammern - lament, mourn

f . nachahmen - to copy, r-.iinic, im.itate(3k)

g. jagen - to hunt, c''^-as@:

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119

BIBLIOr>RAPHY

1. BRUGLIANN, P. C.

"Kurze Verg:leichende Crrammatik der Indigermanlschen Sprachen" . Strassberg - Triibnor - 1902

(Studied only with reference to selected roots)

2. BYRNE, J.

"Origin of the Greek, Latin, and Gothic Roots". London - Tr'ubner - 1188 (Entlr^

3. CURTIUS, C. 0.

"Grundziige der Greichischen Etymologie"

Leipzig - TeLibner - 1858

(Translated from the German by Augustus S. 'Vilkins and Edwin B. England). London - John Hurray - 1875-1876

(Vol. I.- Partial — Vol. II. - Complete)

4. "Harper's Latin Dictionary".

American Book Co. - Hew York - 1907 (Eef eronce)

5. HIRT, KBPwann

"Etyraologie der Neuhochdeutschen Sprache"

C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchliandling -

Oscar Beck - Lliinchen - 1909

(studied only with reference to selectei roots).

6.

6. HOLBROOKE, G. 0.

"Aryan Word-Building" The Knickerbocker Press - NV-yV ^ 1910(Sntire)

r

120

BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. laUCrE', F.

"EtyrQOlogisohes V.'orterbuch der deutrjchon Sprache", Berlin - Leipzig - '.Valter de Gruyter, Co. - 1924 (

(Selected words)

8. SICE AT, W. W.

"English Htyinological Dictionary". Cambridge - 1893(Second edition) - (ROOTS)

"Primer of Classical Philology". Oxford - The Clarendon Press - 1905 (Entire)

9. VAIIICEK, A.

"Et;^naologisches '."orterbuch der latsinischen Sprache". Leipzig - Teubner - 1881 (Entire)